Effects of forestry on summertime low flows and physical fish habitat in snowmelt‐dominant headwater catchments of the Pacific Northwest

Periods of summertime low flows are often critical for fish. This study quantified the impacts of forest clear‐cutting on summertime low flows and fish habitat and how they evolved through time in two snowmelt‐dominant headwater catchments in the southern interior of British Columbia, Canada. A paired‐catchment analysis was applied to July–September water yield, the number of days each year with flow less than 10% of mean annual discharge, and daily streamflow for each calendar day. The postharvest time series were divided into treatment periods of approximately 6–10 years, which were analysed independently to evaluate how the effects of forestry changed through time. An instream flow assessment using a physical habitat simulation‐style approach was used to relate streamflow to the availability of physical habitat for resident rainbow trout. About two decades after the onset of logging and as the extent of logging increased to approximately 50% of the catchments, reductions in daily summertime low flows became more significant for the July–September yield (43%) and for the analysis by calendar day (11–68%). Reductions in summertime low flows were most pronounced in the catchment with the longest postharvest time series. On the basis of the temporal patterns of response, we hypothesize that the delayed reductions in late‐summer flow represent the combined effects of a persistent advance in snowmelt timing in combination with at least a partial recovery of transpiration and interception loss from the regenerating forests. These results indicate that asymptotic hydrological recovery as time progresses following logging is not suitable for understanding the impacts of forest harvesting on summertime low flows. Additionally, these reductions in streamflow corresponded to persistent decreases in modelled fish habitat availability that typically ranged from 20% to 50% during the summer low‐flow period in one of the catchments, suggesting that forest harvest may have substantial delayed effects on rearing salmonids in headwater streams.     

SHORT COMMUNICATION SOL1:A PROGRAM FOR THE SIMULATION OF COMPLEX EQUILIBRIA USING A PERSONAL COMPUTER

The program SOL1,written in Turbo-PASCAL for use on a personal computers(IBM-PC orcompatible),has been developed for calculating the equilibrium concentrations of the species inmulticomponent ligand-metal mixtures of up to 21 components and 150 species.The main features arethe easy data input system,the possibility of three different tasks(calculating the composition of a singlesolution,simulating titration curves and calculating the species distribution as a function of pH)andprocedures for drawing the calculated curves on Roland DXY plotters.The program has been tested by astudy of six different complex systems.     

THE USE OF CITATION INDICES IN COMPARING GEOGRAPHY PROGRAMS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY*

Citation information is discussed as a means for ranking the research and publication visibility of eleven graduate programs in geography. It is suggested that the ranks produced by this objective method correspond better to the peer-based ranks of the 1982 NRC survey of graduate programs than those derived from publication counts. Citation information also provides a means of evaluating the differences between programs' inter- and intradisciplinary visibility.     

季风亚洲区域集成研究国际计划(MAIRS)10年回顾

季风亚洲区域集成研究（Monsoon Asia Integrated Regional Study,简称MAIRS）是国际全球变化研究计划（GEC）和地球系统科学联盟（ESSP）的一个子计划,是全球变化邻域第一个由中国科学家提出,并组织实施的国际计划,历时10余年。MAIRS明确提出:不同于过去和正在进行的任何一个关于季风的研究计划,MAIRS研究的主题是人类与季风系统的相互作用。本文从四个方面回顾了这个计划的历程:（1）2003~2006年的可行性研究。包括区域集成研究概念的提出、亚洲区域全球变化研究的快速评估、以及在此基础上确定MAIRS的总体科学目标和起草MAIRS的科学计划。（2）2006年正式发布的MAIRS科学计划的主要内容。包括季风亚洲区域面临的环境变化和研究挑战、集成研究的科学问题、四个最脆弱区域的确定以及计划执行的方法和手段等。（3）2006~2016年MAIRS计划的执行情况。包括组织结构、科学活动、研究项目和成果、以及国际合作网络的建立。（4）MAIRS的国际影响和未来发展。MAIRS与未来地球国际计划（Future Earth）。     

天津地区地热钻井及成井技术

多年来,天津地热钻井技术不断发展。天津市地热井施工最深达4041 m,最高井口温度105 ℃,自流水量300 m3/h。针对天津地区不同热储层的钻井工艺技术进行简要介绍,并总结了一些经验教训。     

公平导向的学校分配空间优化——以北京石景山区为例

空间优化正从地理学的一个研究方向成为学科分支,但公平导向的公共服务空间分配优化研究还较薄弱。学区配置是这方面的一个典型问题,受到社会的广泛关注。针对“多校划片”的随机入学方式,以各居住小区所获得的教育质量期望值的方差来定义入学指标空间分配的公平程度,构建了以该方差最小化为目标、包含最大上学距离约束的二次规划模型,探求各小区对所获得指标进行随机抽签的情景下,各校入学指标在各小区的公平最大化分配,并以北京市石景山区为案例进行了应用研究。结果表明,在维持学校布局和师资配置现状的前提下,与“就近入学”相比,公平最大化的“多校划片”能以有限的上学距离代价,显著降低教育分配的空间差异。在最大上学距离为5 km的约束下,各小区教育质量期望值的方差降幅高达99%,教育质量期望值有所提升的小区或学生比例高达约2/3;付出的上学距离代价较显著但可接受,平均上学距离增加到3.99倍,达到3.20 km,仍低于案例区实际平均上学距离。当模型的最大上学距离参数从5 km逐步增至8 km时,教育公平的改善呈指数增长,平均上学距离呈算数增长;当距离为7 km时,各小区教育质量期望值的方差趋近于0,可基本实现上学机会的空间均等化。本文进一步讨论了优化结果对入学政策的启示。     

Policy Drivers of U.S. Wetland Conversion Rates, 1955–2009

While conversion of wetlands to nonagricultural purposes has persisted, the five U.S. national wetland inventory reports spanning 1955–2009 show a large decline in the rate of conversion of wetlands for agriculture, especially from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s. Through regression and path analysis, this study identifies primary policy and economic drivers of this decline in wetland conversions. The Clean Water Act §404 is strongly and negatively related to conversion rates. Crop prices affect wetland conversions both directly, by influencing returns to investments for conversion, and indirectly, by influencing Conservation and Wetland Reserve Program enrollments as well as the regulatory impact of Swampbuster. Along with the proportion of wetlands remaining, these factors explain 90–94% of the annual variation in total wetland conversions, agricultural conversions, and conversion of forested and emergent wetlands.     

MICAPS系统的二次开发与应用

立足于预报业务技术体制改革和本地预报业务服务工作实际需要 ,对MICAPS系统进行综合性二次开发 ,使MICAPS系统发挥更大功效 ;为预报员提供更加方便、快捷和具有本地特色的人机交互工作平台     

城市综合功能GIS数据库共建研究

共建城市综合功能GIS数据库可以避免重复建设,缩短建设周期,有利于地理信息资源的有序管理,有益于地理信息产业技术的发展.本文阐述了共建数据库设计原则及过程,在分析用户层次和用户需求的基础上,对数据库的开发设计进行了探讨,包括概念化设计和详细设计.最后,提出了城市综合功能GIS数据库共建方案.     

建筑结构震害预测程序

本文介绍了建筑结构的震害预测程序PEEDS中的震害预测方法及程序的结构和功能。该程序根据目前结构的分类方法，包括多层砖混结构、单层砖平房、单层砖柱厂房、单层钢筋混凝土柱厂房、钢筋混凝土框架结构、独立烟囱和筒支水塔的震害预测。