Cap setting and allowance allocation in China's emissions trading pilot programmes: special issues and innovative solutions

Seven emissions trading scheme (ETS) pilots have been established in China. They have introduced some unique methods to set emissions caps and allocate allowances, different from textbook models and their counterparts in the EU, California, and many other regions. This article provides a detailed introduction to the methods for cap setting and allowance allocation adopted by the pilots, and presents detailed comparisons of these methods. In terms of cap setting, the pilots adopt flexible caps that can be adjusted where necessary, which primarily depends on the outcomes of the bottom-up approach, namely aggregating the allowances allocated to participants. As for allowance allocation, the pilots not only adopt such methods as grandfathering and benchmarking, which are also widely applied in other existing schemes, but also some special methods that require ex post adjustment, such as those based on enterprises’ historical emissions intensity (including both physical quantity and added-value intensity) and current production/output. The factors influencing the design are further analysed, including the impacts of theory and experience from foreign systems, concerns about economic development, traditions regarding intensity targets and policy, constraints from data availability and preparation time, tight regulation of the electricity and heat generation sector, and concerns regarding price stability. The practice of pilots presents an improvement opportunity and a challenge for China to further balance the theoretical and practical requirements in ETS design in establishing its national system.

Policy relevance

China is piloting emissions trading in seven regions, as part of efforts to try to rely more on market-based instruments to achieve GHG emissions control targets. All seven pilots have been confronted with special issues in the design process when compared with existing foreign schemes. This article analyses in depth the special issues related to cap setting and allowance allocation and the approaches adopted to address these issues. Flexible cap setting through a bottom-up approach and different types of allocation methods with or without ex post adjustment are adopted in the pilots. The flexible and innovative approaches the pilots have developed could provide useful experience for designing the nationwide ETS in China and promoting emissions trading policy in other parts of the world.     

大规模航运数据下“一带一路”国家和地区贸易网络分析

在“一带一路”沿线的65个国家中,46个国家拥有登记在案的港口,同时海上航运贸易占国际贸易总量的75%以上。为了充分了解“一带一路”沿线国家和地区航运贸易情况,评估国家、区域之间贸易往来关系,本文选取了2016年“一带一路”国家和地区船舶历史运动轨迹,首先基于规则判定的方法挖掘船舶停港事件,并以港口为主要节点,港口间货运往来事件为连接形成“一带一路”国际航运贸易网络。在此基础上,对贸易网络进行如下网络结构分析：① “一带一路”贸易网络基本属性统计,包括网络连通性、度分布、平均最短路径;② 网络节点中心度计算,主要采用Eigenvector Centrality评估分析贸易网中节点中心度;③ 结合社会网络挖掘中社区挖掘的概念,使用Fast Unfolding算法对贸易网络进行社区发现。可以看出,“一带一路”沿线国家和地区贸易往来错综复杂,港口之间呈现小世界网络特性;土耳其、俄罗斯、中国等国的港口影响力靠前;并且形成五大贸易社区,这些社区的分布和地理位置分布基本吻合,但仍然有部分国家受特殊贸易行为的影响,所属社区有所打破区域限制。本文旨在通过航运大数据构建贸易网络,在网络分析基础上,更好地评价节点影响力,更清晰地分析贸易网络结构,为“一带一路”战略更好地实施提供帮助。     

基于Web GIS的土地交易信息系统

地理信息系统与网络结合形成的W eb GIS是目前GIS发展的一个重要方向。该文在分析W eb GIS的特点和ArcV iew IMS(InternetMap Server)工作原理的基础上,提出了基于ArcV iew IMS平台的土地交易信息系统,为现代化土地交易市场的建设提供了一个很好的解决方案。     

Development of a GIS-based decision support system for assessing land use status

The objectives of this study are to assess land suitability and to predict the spatial and temporal changes in land use types (LUTs) by using GIS-based land use management decision support system. A GIS database with data on climate, topography, soil characteristic, irrigation condition, fertilizer application, and special socioeconomic activities has been developed and used for the evaluation of land productivity for different crops by integrating with a crop growth model—the erosion productivity impact calculator (EPIC). International food policy simulation model (IFPSIM) is also embedded into GIS for the predictions of how crop demands and crop market prices will change under alternative policy scenarios. An inference engine (IE) including land use choice model is developed to illustrate land use choice behavior based on logit models, which allows to analyze how diversified factors ranging from climate changes, crop price changes to land management changes can effect the distribution of agricultural land use. A test for integrated simulation is taken in each 0.1o by 0.1o grid cell to predict the change of agricultural land use types at global level. Global land use changes are simulated from 1992 to 2050.     

印尼苏门答腊岛地体划分及其区域成矿背景

根据不同地层系统、沉积古地理、古生物地理区系、岩浆旋回等特征,可将苏门答腊岛划分为2类异地地体：东苏门答腊地体（亲冈瓦纳地体）和西苏门答腊地体（亲华夏地体）。2个不同地体的古地理演化和板块构造运动规律控制了区域金属矿床分布。海西期—印支期金属矿床的形成和分布受控于大陆边缘的火山弧,而燕山期则和裂谷岩浆侵入活动和海底扩张（或地幔隆起）有关。新生代金—银金属矿床沿苏门答腊—巴厘散大断裂两侧成带分布,受控于陆缘火山弧的岩浆活动。