关于棉田感热通量和潜热通量的几种计算方法

根据棉田的实测资料,选用四种常用的计算感染热通量的潜热通量的方法进行分析,发现空气动力学方法Ｉ和伯温比－能量平衡法的计算结果较一致,梯度扩散法略小,而布德科方法计算的潜热通量偏高、感热通量过低,因此得出结论：在计算棉花等作物的冠层通量时,选用空气动力学方法Ｉ最合适,其次是梯度扩散法。     

动态地幔柱尾管结构

动态地幔柱模式被广泛用于讨论地球科学中的一些重要课题,如巨大火成区的成因,冈瓦纳古陆解体的原因,板块内中小尺度动力过程的驱动因素等．但是这个基于实验研究而建立的模式中,忽略了地幔柱尾管特征及其作用．地幔柱尾管内温度和速度分布是研究地幔柱上升过程的必要条件．本文从控制尾管结构的基本方程出发,给出了一个定常轴对称地幔柱温度和速度分布的近似分析解．从而得到尾管结构的基本特征：影响尾管内温度分布的主导因素是地幔柱的热流通量,而尾管内上涌速度的大小则不仅取决于热流通量,主要是取决于地幔粘度随深度的变化方式．结果表明,对弱地幔柱,尾管的热损失可能是不可忽略的,而对强地幔柱,径向质量传递可能是不可忽略的.     

磁通量浮现驱动磁场重联的数值研究

应用二维时变可压缩磁流体动力学数值模拟,研究了双极－单极磁场中由于磁通量浮现驱动的磁场重联过程．结果表明,双极场与单极场间磁力线的重联形成上升的冷而密的等离子体团,磁场演变成鞭状结构．向上运动的等离子体团到达其最大高度后将回落和弥散.等离子体团最大上升速度达０．１４ＶＡ,等离子体最大上升速度达０．２７ＶＡ,ＶＡ为下边界处的Ａｌｆｖｅｎ速度．随着磁通量浮现幅度的增大,等离子体上升速度增加,重联过程发展得较快．背景等离子体β１值（β１为等离子体压力与磁压之比）越小,等离子体团中密度增量越大．磁Ｌｕｎｄｑｕｉｓｔ数Ｓ在１０３－１０６之间的改变对等离子体的速度和密度增量影响并不明显．与电阻撕裂模不稳定性引起的自发重联相比,磁通量浮现会更有效地驱动双极－单极场中的磁场重联过程,寻致日冕Ｈα冲浪和Ｘ射线喷流的形成．     

A coupled physical-biological-chemical model for the Indian Ocean

A coupled physical-biological-chemical model has been developed at C-MMACS. for studying the time-variation of primary productivity and air-sea carbon-dioxide exchange in the Indian Ocean. The physical model is based on the Modular Ocean Model, Version 2 (MOM2) and the biological model describes the nonlinear dynamics of a 7-component marine ecosystem. The chemical model includes dynamical equation for the evolution of dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity. The interaction between the biological and chemical model is through the Redfield ratio. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO₂) of the surface layer is obtained from the chemical equilibrium equations of Penget al 1987. Transfer coefficients for air-sea exchange of CO₂ are computed dynamically based on the wind speeds. The coupled model reproduces the high productivity observed in the Arabian Sea off the Somali and Omani coasts during the Southwest (SW) monsoon. The entire Arabian Sea is an outgassing region for CO₂ in spite of high productivity with transfer rates as high as 80 m-mol C/m² /day during SW monsoon near the Somali Coast on account of strong winds.     

Low-frequency flux-density measurements and spectral features of millisecond pulsars

Radio flux-density measurements for a large sample of millisecond pulsars at a low frequency of 102 MHz are presented. Using higher frequency measurements, we construct their spectra in the frequency range from 102 MHz to 4.8 GHz, the widest one studied to date. The spectra of millisecond and normal pulsars have been found to differ. The spectra of millisecond pulsars have no low-frequency turnover typical of normal pulsars. The absence of a low-frequency turnover in the spectrum suggests that the emitting regions of millisecond and normal pulsars differ in geometry, which we interpret by deviation of the magnetic field from a dipole one or by compactness of the emitting region.     

青藏高原西部的地面热源强度及地面热量平衡

以1997年11月至1998年10月青藏高原西部改则和狮泉河地区自动气象站(AWS)连续观测的近地层梯度资料,采用廓线-通量法计算出观测期逐日的总体输送系数,进而用总体公式得出两站逐日的地面感热和潜热通量。结果表明:在此观测期内青藏高原西部不论冬夏地面皆为热源,地面热源强度具有明显的季节变化,两站地面热源强度的年平均值分别为82.5W/m²和68.2W/m²。结合辐射和土壤热通量观测资料揭示了两站的地面热量平衡状况,用地面热量平衡方程对以上结果进行了闭合误差检验。     

青藏高原地面感热对北半球大气环流和中国气候异常的影响

在青藏高原地面感热通量的基本气候特征以及异常变化的空间结构和时间演变趋势研究的基础上,进一步就高原地面感热异常对北半球大气环流和中国气候异常的影响进行诊断研究,并利用IAP2-LAGCM对青藏高原地面感热异常的影响进行了数值试验.结果表明:冬季地面感热在青藏高原西部、藏南谷地、横断山地区异常偏强,中、东部异常偏弱时,可使北半球500 hPa高度场表现出较明显的EU型和PNA型;高原西部、青海中北部异常偏弱,高原中部及东南部异常偏强时,使北半球100 hPa高度场的年际差异加强;西部、南部为正,柴达木及青海东部地区为负时,则新疆南部、西北东部及江南地区少雨,全国大部地区气温偏高.夏季高原地面感热通量距平特征为西南、藏南谷地、横断山区偏强,高原大部(中心在青海南部)异常偏弱时,则500"a高度场上青藏高原南部(孟加拉湾)高度偏高,高原北部高度偏低,负值区在帕米尔;当感热通量距平特征为高原西南、藏南谷地、横断山区偏弱,高原大部异常偏强时,有利于南亚高压的建立与维持;当地面感热通量呈南正北负距平差异时,长江上游、黄河源头及西北地区东部和东北部分地区降水量比常年偏多,气温偏低,中国东部、南部降水偏少,气温偏高.通过数值模式进行的敏感性试验证实了大气环流及区域气候变化对青藏高原地面感热总体异常的响应.       

Heat as a groundwater tracer in shallow and deep heterogeneous media: Analytical solution,spreadsheet tool,and field applications

Groundwater flow advects heat, and thus, the deviation of subsurface temperatures from an expected conduction‐dominated regime can be analysed to estimate vertical water fluxes. A number of analytical approaches have been proposed for using heat as a groundwater tracer, and these have typically assumed a homogeneous medium. However, heterogeneous thermal properties are ubiquitous in subsurface environments, both at the scale of geologic strata and at finer scales in streambeds. Herein, we apply the analytical solution of Shan and Bodvarsson ( 2004 ), developed for estimating vertical water fluxes in layered systems, in 2 new environments distinct from previous vadose zone applications. The utility of the solution for studying groundwater‐surface water exchange is demonstrated using temperature data collected from an upwelling streambed with sediment layers, and a simple sensitivity analysis using these data indicates the solution is relatively robust. Also, a deeper temperature profile recorded in a borehole in South Australia is analysed to estimate deeper water fluxes. The analytical solution is able to match observed thermal gradients, including the change in slope at sediment interfaces. Results indicate that not accounting for layering can yield errors in the magnitude and even direction of the inferred Darcy fluxes. A simple automated spreadsheet tool (Flux‐LM) is presented to allow users to input temperature and layer data and solve the inverse problem to estimate groundwater flux rates from shallow (e.g., <1 m) or deep (e.g., up to 100 m) profiles. The solution is not transient, and thus, it should be cautiously applied where diel signals propagate or in deeper zones where multi‐decadal surface signals have disturbed subsurface thermal regimes.     

The effect of temperature‐humidity similarity on Bowen ratios,dimensionless standard deviations,and mass transfer coefficients over a lake

Similarity between heat and water vapor turbulent transport in the Atmospheric Surface Layer has been the basis of many engineering models to calculate surface fluxes, including the widely applied Bowen ratio equation, for a long time. Modernly, it is best understood within the context of Monin‐Obkhov Similarity Theory (MOST). In this work we study similarity between temperature and humidity, the Bowen ratio, and turbulent mass and heat transfer coefficients over a tropical lake in Brazil (Furnas Lake). The analysis was partly based on the concept of ‘Surface flux numbers’ recently proposed to diagnose scalar similarity, and considered wind directions and flux footprints. A period of 50 days of 30‐min. micrometeorological runs was used. Several cases of dissimilar temperature‐humidity behavior were found in the data. Both footprint extent and an aggregate temperature‐humidity Surface flux number turned out to be insufficient to diagnose these situations, but separate flux numbers for each scalar were able to diagnose their individual conformity to MOST. Overall, temperature displayed consistently larger relative variances and fluxes in comparison with humidity. The results highlight the need of careful analysis when measurements are made at sites close to land, when flux footprints may extend over there, indicating the possibility of advection effects. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of frozen soil and snow cover on cold‐season soil water dynamics in Tokachi,Japan

Despite the potential impact of winter soil water movements in cold regions, relatively few field studies have investigated cold‐season hydrological processes that occur before spring‐onset of snowmelt infiltration. The contribution of soil water fluxes in winter to the annual water balance was evaluated over 5 years of field observations at an agricultural field in Tokachi, Hokkaido, Japan. In two of the winters, soil frost reached a maximum depth of 0·2 m (‘frozen’ winters), whereas soil frost was mostly absent during the remaining three winters (‘unfrozen’ winters). Significant infiltration of winter snowmelt water, to a depth exceeding 1·0 m, occurred during both frozen and unfrozen winters. Such infiltration ranged between 126 and 255 mm, representing 28–51% of total annual soil water fluxes. During frozen winters, a substantial quantity of water (ca 40 mm) was drawn from deeper layers into the 0–0·2 m topsoil layer when this froze. Under such conditions, the progression and regression of the freezing front, regulated by the thickness of snow cover, controlled the quantity of soil water flux below the frozen layer. During unfrozen winters, 13–62 mm of water infiltrated to a depth of 0·2 m, before the spring snowmelt. These results indicate the importance of correctly evaluating winter soil water movement in cold regions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.