Vodyanitskii mud volcano,Sorokin trough,Black Sea: Geological characterization and quantification of gas bubble streams

Vodyanitskii mud volcano is located at a depth of about 2070 m in the Sorokin Trough, Black sea. It is a 500-m wide and 20-m high cone surrounded by a depression, which is typical of many mud volcanoes in the Black Sea. 75 kHz sidescan sonar show different generations of mud flows that include mud breccia, authigenic carbonates, and gas hydrates that were sampled by gravity coring. The fluids that flow through or erupt with the mud are enriched in chloride (up to ∼650 mmol L⁻¹ at ∼150-cm sediment depth) suggesting a deep source, which is similar to the fluids of the close-by Dvurechenskii mud volcano. Direct observation with the remotely operated vehicle Quest revealed gas bubbles emanating at two distinct sites at the crest of the mud volcano, which confirms earlier observations of bubble-induced hydroacoustic anomalies in echosounder records. The sediments at the main bubble emission site show a thermal anomaly with temperatures at ∼60 cm sediment depth that were 0.9 °C warmer than the bottom water. Chemical and isotopic analyses of the emanated gas revealed that it consisted primarily of methane (99.8%) and was of microbial origin (δD-CH₄ = −170.8‰ (SMOW), δ¹³C-CH₄ = −61.0‰ (V-PDB), δ¹³C-C₂H₆ = −44.0‰ (V-PDB)). The gas flux was estimated using the video observations of the ROV. Assuming that the flux is constant with time, about 0.9 ± 0.5 × 10⁶ mol of methane is released every year. This value is of the same order-of-magnitude as reported fluxes of dissolved methane released with pore water at other mud volcanoes. This suggests that bubble emanation is a significant pathway transporting methane from the sediments into the water column.     

西北太平洋海气界面热通量时空分布特征研究

基于第三版本HOAPs (Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data)海表面温度、潜热通量、感热通量、海表面空气比湿以及海表面风场5个参量的18 a(1988～2005年)逐月平均资料,利用经验正交函数和奇异值分解方法分析了异常潜热和感热通量场在西北太平洋的时空分布特征及造成这种分布的主要影响因素.EOF的分析结果表明,异常潜热通量场主要体现为第一第二两个模态的变化,第一模态显示整个海域呈同相变化且在时间上呈准年周期变化,第二模态则描述了分别位于10°N,25°N和40°N的3个极值中心并伴随多年振荡,由因子载荷分布可知热带太平洋是第二模态的行为中心,因此该模态可能与ENSO事件相关.异常感热通量场则主要表现为第一模态的变化,在时间上呈准年周期变化并伴随有多年时间尺度的振荡.奇异值分解方法的分析结果表明异常海表面风场是异常潜热和感热通量场时空变化的重要影响因素.     

用于沉积物-海水界面污染通量监测的自动采样技术

研究海底沉积物一海水界面污染物迁移规律的最佳方法是通过原位无扰动采样技术获取该界面水样,经过实验室分析计算得出污染通量.文中介绍了用于沉积物-海水界面污染通量监测的自动采样技术,通过测量通量舱在海底沉积物上隔离海水中的污染物含量的变化,能实现痕量重金属等污染通量的实时、现场、自动采样和监测.     

2005年九江5.7级地震前后地表热动态初步研究

2005年11月26日九江-瑞昌5.7级地震前出现了显著的地表气温异常和潜热通量异常。二者在时间上相关,空间上相邻;既有联系,又有区别。地表气温异常出现于2005年11月2日至13日,主要分布在震中及其南侧,呈NE向展布,与江西北部主要的构造带走向一致。地表气温出现异常2d后,在震中地区及其北侧,沿构造带分布的大片水域及周边地区出现了显著的潜热通量异常,持续时间从11月4日至15日。2种异常的量值都超过了26a的平均值与1.5倍均方差之和,持续时间长,形态孤立,与地质构造相关,有别于气象因素导致的异常。震前气温异常和潜热通量异常都是地震前地下的热量增加导致的不同表现形式,在水体分布较广的区域大多表现为潜热通量异常,而在水体较少的区域则表现为气温异常     

中高层大气环流模式的初步评估与敏感性分析

提高大气环流模式的模式顶层高度对中高层大气(如平流层准两年振荡)的准确模拟至关重要.本研究将IAP大气环流模型(IAP-AGCM)延伸至中层大气顶(～0.01 hPa,～80 km)并提高垂直方向分辨率(91层),发展了一个中高层大气环流模型(IAP-AGCML91).结果表明,与低层模式相比,该中高层大气模式在整体上...     

全球变暖趋缓背景下辽宁夏季降水变化及水汽输送特征

利用中国气象数据网提供的中国地面气候资料日值数据集(V3.0)中的降水数据以及ERA-Interim逐月再分析资料对全球变暖趋缓背景下(1998年后)辽宁夏季降水变化特征及水汽输送对其的影响进行研究.结果表明:全球增暖减缓背景下,辽宁夏季降水量存在一定的增加趋势,但趋势较弱,其中辽宁南部降水的增加趋势较其他地区显著,对...     

On the origin of transient effects in the solar neutrino experiment

Correlation studies of the pattern of time variation of the recorded solar neutrino flux monitored through the reaction Cl³⁷ → Ar³⁷ with various parameters of solar activity is suggestive of possible emission of a penetrating neutral particle from the sun influencing directly or indirectly the transformation Cl³⁷ → Ar³⁷ deep underground at the required rates. This possibility has to be invoked in view of the difficulties in generating the observed pattern of variations through a large modulatory mechanism involving the electron neutrino. The prediction that follows is the possible existence of a time varying component (diurnal) in the rate of some nuclear transmutations deep underground caused by an unknown neutral radiation having an interaction cross section with matter probably much larger than the canonical value of 10^-36 cm² per nucleon speculated upon by some authors in the WIMP scenario for the sun.     

近50年东中国海潜热通量的变化

利用1958—2006年OAFlux热通量资料,分析了东中国海海域潜热通量的长期变化特征,并探讨了与局地和太平洋海域影响因素的关系。结果表明:近50 a东中国海潜热通量显著增加,沿黑潮主轴增幅最大。通过分析阿留申低压区(30°N～60°N,160°E～140°W)风场的变化,发现其风应力旋度与东中国海潜热通量变化的主要影响因素海气比湿差存在显著的正相关,表明可能是北太平洋风应力旋度的变化而不是东中国海域风场的变化导致了潜热的长期增加。超前和滞后相关分析表明,东中国潜热通量的变化比北太平洋风应力旋度的变化存在4 a左右的延迟,可能是副热带环流对风场变化调整所需的时间。     

近30年日本海热容海平面年际变化及其对ENSO的响应

使用EOF分析与相关分析等高级统计方法,对近30年来日本海热容海平面的年际变化进行了研究,期间(1976年1月—2005年12月)日本海热容海平面异常TSLA与SOI存在较强的负相关,整个日本海的区域平均热容海平面异常TSLA与SOI的相关系数为-0.54,SOI超前热容海平面异常3至5个月。日本海热容海平面异常EOF第一模态的空间分布显示,日本海热容海平面在东南部海域的变化幅度明显强于西北部海域;相关分析表明,东南日本海的区域平均热容海平面异常TSLA响应SOI较快,与SOI的相关性更强,其相关系数达-0.57,SOI超前热容海平面异常1个月左右。计算还表明,日本海的热通量异常HFA比日本海热容海平面异常TSLA超前2至3个月,二者存在正相关,相关系数达0.54。这说明,日本海的热通量带来(或者带走)的热量对日本海的热容海平面上升(或者下降)做出了显著的贡献。进一步的研究表明,SOI与日本海热通量异常HFA之间存在相对较弱的负相关,相关系数为-0.43,SOI超前HFA1个月左右。这表明,日本海的热通量异常HFA受到ENSO循环的调制。由此可知,日本海热容海平面对ENSO有较好的响应:当厄尔尼诺事件发生时,SOI是负值,由于SOI与HFA负相关,因此,HFA为正值;与此同时,HFA与TSLA正相关,TSLA为正值。综上所述,近30年全球的ENSO循环对日本海热容海平面异常TSLA有反位相的调制。     

Spectral modification and geographic redistribution of the semi-diurnal internal tide

A realistic-geometry global baroclinic tidal model forced with a single tidal constituent $(M_2)$ is used to investigate the generation of the internal tide and the associated radiated baroclinic energy flux. The model internal wave spectrum is populated at discrete frequency multiples $(1/2\text{,}1\text{,}3/2\text{,}2\text{,}5/2\text{,}\dots )$ of $M_2$. The $1/2M_2$ subharmonic is particularly energetic at its turning latitude of $\pm 28.8°$. Poleward only integer superharmonics of $M_2$ are significantly excited. The subharmonic turning latitude (SHTL) disturbance has high vertical wavenumber and shear, provided that internal tide energy level exceeds a threshold value. Under these circumstances, Richardson numbers smaller than 1/4 occur in the upper few hundred meters in both the realistic-geometry model and in a complimentary idealized geometry two-dimensional (2D) model. In the 2D model, the disturbance enables Richardson number dependent diapycnal entrainment to effect a modification of the stratification of the upper 400 m of the ocean, and poleward cross-SHTL energy flux falls to 10% of its pre-instability value due to energy transfer to the non-propagating (i.e., inertial) subharmonic. Realistic-geometry simulations suggest a more modest 40% decrease in net flux, although the strongest beams are almost entirely shut down. The predicted energy flux-convergence implies a thermocline dissipation rate in the 28.5–30.0°N latitude band of $5\times {10}^{-9}\text{W}{\text{kg}}^{-1}$, with an associated diapycnal diffusivity of ${10}^{-4}{\text{m}}^2{\text{s}}^{-1}$. North of Hawaii the implied regional dissipation rate reaches $4\times {10}^{-8}\text{W}{\text{kg}}^{-1}$ with an associated thermocline diffusivity of $8\times {10}^{-4}{\text{m}}^2{\text{s}}^{-1}$. Investigations of subgridscale parameterization and resolution sensitivity suggest that the basic character and magnitude of the predictions are robust to details of the numerical solutions. The present results are taken as further evidence that an increase in shear-driven turbulent mixing in the upper ocean is predicted at special latitudes. It is suggested that the search should be directed to regions where intense low-mode internal tide beams cross their subharmonic turning latitude.