水分条件对滨海芦苇湿地土壤微生物多样性的影响

滨海湿地因受河流和海水的交互作用,其土壤氧化还原电位及营养元素等条件复杂且处于不断变化之中,为了阐明此种环境下不同水分条件对滨海芦苇湿地土壤微生物多样性的影响,尤其是对铁还原菌群落结构的影响,作者以黄河三角洲滨海湿地为对象,研究了淹水和非淹水芦苇湿地表层(0~30 cm)土壤理化特性、微生物多样性(采用T-RFLP技术)和培养条件下湿地土壤微生物的Fe(III)还原能力的变化。结果表明,淹水芦苇湿地土壤有机碳、全氮、盐度、Fe(II)含量和pH值显著(P0.05)高于非淹水芦苇湿地土壤,而淹水芦苇湿地土壤铵态氮含量显著(P0.05)低于非淹水芦苇湿地。淹水芦苇湿地土壤主要优势细菌和古菌分别为铬还原菌属(Alishewanella)、纤维单胞菌属(Cellulomonas)、鞘脂单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和甲烷杆菌属(Methanobacterium)、甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina);而纤维单胞菌属、食酸菌属(Acidovorax)、地杆菌属(Geobacter)、硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)和甲烷八叠球菌属分别为非淹水芦苇湿地土壤主要优势细菌和古菌。淹水芦苇湿地土壤主要优势铁还原菌为副球菌属(Paracoccus)、地杆菌属、铬还原菌属和硫单胞菌属(Thiomonas),而非淹水芦苇湿地土壤为地杆菌属和固氮螺菌属(Azospira)。说明淹水能增加芦苇湿地土壤细菌、古菌和铁还原菌的多样性。培养条件下,淹水芦苇湿地土壤铁还原菌的还原Fe(III)能力在培养后期(25d后)低于非淹水芦苇湿地,说明淹水条件在一定程度上抑制了芦苇湿地土壤铁还原菌的铁还原能力。     

Eelgrass beds and bare substrata – sparid and mugilid composition in contrasting littoral estuarine habitats

Seagrass beds serve as nursery grounds for many fish species and often play an important role in the juvenile stages of economically and recreationally important fishes. The eelgrass Zostera capensis is the dominant submerged macrophyte in permanently open South African estuaries and occupies large intertidal and subtidal areas within the Knysna system. The primary objective of this study was to compare the occurrence of sparids and mugilids in eelgrass and nearby bare sediment areas using sampling with seine nets. The hypothesis that was tested is that mugilids are dominant in unvegetated areas of the Knysna Estuary littoral whereas sparids predominate within eelgrass beds located in the same zone. The results indicate that the family Mugilidae is better represented at unvegetated sites when compared to members of the family Sparidae, with the exception of Lithognathus lithognathus, but that the dominant three sparids and dominant two mugilids were most abundant in sparse eelgrass beds that included both bare and vegetated areas within this habitat type. The main fish species responsible for the separation of fish assemblages associated with unvegetated sites versus those associated with vegetated areas were Rhabdosargus holubi, Liza dumerili, Liza richardsonii, Lithognathus lithognathus, Sarpa salpa and Diplodus capensis, with R. holubi, S. salpa and D. capensis being mainly attracted to eelgrass habitats and L. dumerili, L. richardsonii and L. lithognathus having a stronger affinity for bare areas. This finding confirms a previous estuarine study in the nearby Swartvlei lake littoral, which found that sparids dominated areas where aquatic macrophytes were extensive and that mugilids became more prevalent at those same sites when the macrophytes underwent complete senescence. The length-frequency distributions of some sparid and mugilid species differed considerably between eelgrass and bare sediment areas, whereas those of other species showed little or no difference between these two habitat types.     

科尔沁沙地草地植被对围封和放牧的响应

研究了科尔沁沙地疏林草地、针茅草原和草甸植被盖度、地上和地下生物量、物种多样性对围封和放牧的响应。结果表明：（1）围封与放牧草地的优势植物不同,围封草地植物群落优势植物为多年生禾本科植物,放牧草地中一年生植物和小半灌木优势明显。（2）围封和放牧草地的植物盖度、凋落物量、地上生物量和物种丰富度存在明显差异（P<0.05）;围封显著提高了植被盖度和地上生物量,由疏林草地、针茅草原到草甸,植物盖度和地上生物量逐渐增加,而3种草地植被凋落物量大小顺序为针茅草原> 疏林草地> 草甸;放牧条件下植物盖度、凋落物量和物种丰富度差异不显著（P>0.05）。（3）3种草地之间的地下生物量无显著差异（P>0.05）,但围封与放牧之间、不同土壤层次之间地下生物量存在明显差异（P<0.05）;围封显著提高草地的地下生物量（P<0.05）;草地地下生物量随着土壤深度表现出下降趋势（P<0.05）。长期放牧增加了草地一年生植物和小半灌木植物的优势,消除了不同草地之间植被盖度和物种丰富度的差异;而围封能提高草地多年生禾本科植物的优势、增加其物种丰富度,对于草地质量和植物多样性的恢复和保育具有积极作用。     

Distribution and diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candida tropicalis</Emphasis> strains in different marine environments

1089 strains of yeasts were obtained from seawater,sea sediments,mud of sea saltems,guts of marine fishes,mangrove plants and marine algae.The results of routine identification and molecular analysis methods show that 44 strains among the marine yeasts obtained in this study belong to Candida tropicalis,which may indicate its wide distribution in different environment,especially in the tropical and subtropical marine environment.The wide distribution of C.tropicalis indicates that it may play an importam role in marine environment and the marine environment in turn is a good source for obtaining C.tropicalis.     

Preliminary analysis of population genetic diversity of cultivated <Emphasis Type="Italic">Laminaria japonica</Emphasis> sporophyte via AFLP technique

The amplified fragment length polymorphic DNA (AFLP) technique was adopted to estimate the population genetic polymorphism among 30 sporophytes of Laminaria japonica collected from a cultivating farm in Rongcheng, China. Three methods were used for genomic DNA extraction from Laminaria japonica sporophyte and only the products obtained using the improved genomic DNA extraction kit method proved qualified for AFLP analysis. The parameters of the method were optimized. Samples of forty milligrams and the cell lysis time of 120 min were suggested to replace the parameters recommended by the manufacturer. Thirty individuals of Laminaria japonica from the same cultivating site were investigated using one pair of selective primers. A total of 21 loci were obtained and 17 of them were polymorphic. The mean percent age of polymorphic loci of this population was 80.95%. The Nei’s gene diversity (H) within this population was 0.3028 and the average Shannon’s Information index (I) was 0.4498. A genetic distance matrix among different individuals was constructed as well. Through this study, an applicable AFLP genetic analysis working system for Laminaria japonica sporophyte was established. The results of this research also revealed a high level of genetic diversity within the studied population.     

Determination of Ca,K, Mg and Fe in four fish species by FAAS

A method for determining calcium(Ca),potassium(K),magnesium(Mg) and iron(Fe) in four fish species was optimized and validated.It included microwave mineralization of the samples and subsequent quantification by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy(FAAS) with Zeeman-effect background correction.Using HNO3(65%) and H2O2(33%) as extraction solutions,the optimal conditions of extraction were established as follows:0.5 g of sample mass;microwave time program of 300 W/5 min and 600 W/5 min.The method was free of matrix interferences.The linear correlation coefficients were ≥0.9991,the recovery percentage of analytes was from 99.31% to 103.70% and the RSD(relative standard deviation) was lower than 2.06%.The detection limits obtained were 32.3,43.2,14.0 and 68.6 ng mL-1 for Ca,K,Mg and Fe in FAAS respectively.It is shown that the method is rapid,simple,sensitive and accurate.The method was applied to the studies of digestibility and measurement of these nutrients in samples of fish collected from Norway,Japan and China.     

Polychaetes from Jan Mayen (Annelida, Polychaeta)

A thorough literature review has been undertaken to establish the first complete account of polychaetes recorded from the area around the volcanic island of Jan Mayen. The annotated checklist lists 121 species-level taxa, representing an increase from the 75 species previously recorded. The checklist is based on existing records, supplemented with material sampled in 1999, from which 42 species new to the area were reported. Some previously reported species from the area have been excluded because of inadequate documentation. The polychaete fauna of Jan Mayen is comparable with that of the mainland Norwegian coast and the Svalbard area. No taxa unique to the island were found. However, knowledge of the marine invertebrate fauna in general at Jan Mayen is sparse because few surveys have been undertaken there. It is expected that future expeditions will reveal further new taxon records for the area.     

污灌农田土壤动物及其对重金属污染的响应——以开封市化肥河污灌区为例

开封市化肥河污灌区土壤重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni)含量明显高于对照区,Cd含量超标严重。采用内梅罗指数法将污灌区土壤重金属污染分为轻污染、中污染和重污染3种类型。在此基础上,运用生态分析和统计分析的方法,研究了污灌区不同重金属污染样点的土壤动物个体与种群特征。结果表明:(1)污灌区土壤动物优势种群为线虫和等节跳科,总的个体数量和种群数量春季(分别为3158只和74种)均多于秋季(分别为1963只和57种)。(2)3种不同污染级别土壤中,土壤动物种群数量春季均少于秋季,春季样点间的种群相似性低于秋季。(3)土壤动物水平分布受重金属污染的影响较大,污染土壤与对照土壤中土壤动物数量有显著差异;重金属污染严重的样点,土壤动物的表聚性较低。(4)土壤动物密度-种群指数(DG)秋季大于春季,春秋两季都随重金属综合污染指数的增大而降低。(5)土壤动物对重金属污染的响应表现为个体数量较种群数量明显,水平分布较垂直分布明显,春季较秋季明显。     

石羊河上游干旱草原星毛委陵菜群落土壤种子库

星毛委陵菜(Potentilla aclaulis)被认为是阻止草原进一步退化的一道"绿色屏障",其群落土壤种子库的退化机制能够为草地生态恢复提供依据.通过大面积调查,研究了石羊河上游干旱草原退化演替过程中星毛委陵菜群落的土壤种子库,结果表明,土壤种子库共有19个物种,分属14个科;随着星毛委陵菜种群分盖度的增加,种子库种类及密度呈递减趋势,禾本科的密度减少,不食草种类减少,但是密度增大;在垂直方向上,种子库的种类逐层减少,密度出现0～5 cm>10～15 cm>5～10 cm的变化趋势;星毛委陵菜种子库很小,只占2.93%,其再生途径倾向于无性繁殖;种子库和地上植被的相似性指数平均为0.392,土壤种子库中没有发现原生地带性植被优势种群的种子,反映了草地群落退化的不可逆转性.     

民勤绿洲盐碱化退耕地植被自然演替及土壤水分垂直变化研究

采用时空互代的方法,对民勤绿洲盐碱化退耕地21个样地105个样方的自然恢复植被以及土壤水分进行调查,并对各植被群落特征和土壤水分垂直变化进行统计分析。结果表明,退耕后50 a的植被演替过程中,调查样方内共出现植物22种,分属于11科21属;退耕地植被自然恢复的过程大致经历了田旋花、独行菜、骆驼蒿、苏枸杞和盐爪爪5种群落类型的演替;在整个演替过程中,植被恢复大体分为迅速恢复期（1～2 a）、初始更替期（3～8 a）、高级更替期（9～28 a）和缓慢恢复期（29 a以后）4个阶段,同时,Margalef指数、Simpson指数和Shannon-wiener指数均呈现出波动式减小的变化趋势,Monk指数、Pielou指数和Alatalo指数则呈现出波动式增大的变化趋势。此外,不同时间退耕地土壤水分垂直变化差异显著,随着退耕时间的不断延长,土壤水分整体经历了先急剧减小后缓慢递增的变化趋势;根据其含水率大小大致分为3组:土壤含水率较低者（20世纪70年代、1978年和1999年退耕）,大部分土壤含水率低于10%;土壤含水率较高者（20世纪50年代、60年代和2004年退耕）,土壤含水率绝大部分大于10%;土壤含水率最高者（2007年退耕）,土壤含水率大部分大于20%。