交河故城崖体拉裂-倾倒破坏模式

交河故城崖体差异风蚀和次生卸荷裂隙发育部位破坏严重,研究二者对崖体破坏的影响以及在其影响下的破坏模 式,对加固崖体和保护交河故城具有重要意义,运用有限元软件ANSYS对崖体在差异风蚀和次生卸荷裂隙作用下进行数值模拟。为验证有限元软件模拟结果的可靠性,采用底面摩擦试验对崖体破坏演变过程进行模拟。ANSYS模拟结果表明,被裂隙切割土体最大位移为487.326 mm,崖体卸荷裂隙根部塑性应变最大,崖体拉裂-倾倒破坏。底面摩擦试验结果表明,经过2.7 h崖体顶部的裂隙张开度约20 mm,土体已经倾倒破坏。土体拉裂-倾倒破坏模式为：被卸荷裂隙切割的粉质黏土层底部临空,在重力作用下拉张卸荷裂隙的根部被切割,土体将发生倾斜变形,可能拉断卸荷裂隙的根部而使土体倾倒失稳。针对差异风蚀和次生卸荷裂隙对崖体破坏的影响,提出崖体加固方案。     

现代叠层石的多样化构成:认识古代叠层石形成的关键和窗口*

自从Kalkowsky在1908年构筑了叠层石的术语之后,叠层石一直是地质学家采用不同方法研究和思考的主题,而且一直被当作证明地球早期生命历史的代表物而得到深入调查。叠层石确实为地球早期生命历史提供了间接而且复杂的证据,所以,现代叠层石确实代表着明显的生物信号而成为研究的焦点。最为引人注目的是,现代叠层石的多样化构成,确实表明了蓝细菌生物席建造了叠层石,而且进一步表明了微生物席转化成叠层石不是一个直接的作用过程。那些反映现代叠层石多样化构成的典型实例包括:(1)南极Untersee地区的湖泊相锥状泥质叠层石;(2)新西兰North群岛被称为煎锅湖的热水湖泊中以及美国黄石国家公园热泉中的硅质叠层石;(3)巴哈马台地、澳大利亚鲨鱼湾以及巴西东南部海湾碳酸盐沉积物构成的叠层石。由于蓝细菌微生物席是否代表了古代叠层石的形态学前体总是存在争议,而且在生命的图像中叠层石一直是一个迷惑的关键片段,因此,现代叠层石的多样化构成,将成为认识古代叠层石形成的关键和窗口。立足于前人的研究成果,追踪和总结现代叠层石的多样化构成,以及它们所代表的沉积作用和微生物新陈代谢活动丰富而复杂的信息,将不但丰富微生物沉积学的研究内容,还将拓宽沉积相分析的基本内容,对深入了解叠层石复杂的沉积学特征和生物学属性具有重要的科学意义。     

Sequencing and expression analysis of CD3γ/δ and CD3εchains in mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi

The genomic and cDNA sequences of the CD3γ/δ and CD3ε homologues in the mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi, were determined. As in other vertebrate CD3 molecules, the deduced amino acid sequences of mandarin fish CD3γ/δ and CD3ε contained conserved residues and motifs, such as cysteine residues and CXXC and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs. However, mandarin fish CD3γ/δ and CD3ε showed some differences to their mammalian counterparts, specifically the absence of a negatively charged residue in the transmembrane region of CD3γ/δ. Additionally, while an N-glycosylation site was present in CD3ε, the site was not observed in CD3γ/δ. The CD3γ/δ and CD3ε subunit sequences contain six and five exons, respectively, consistent with homologues from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed that CD3γ/δ and CD3ε in mandarin fish are closely related to their counterparts in Acanthopterygian fish. Real-time PCR showed CD3γ/δ and CD3ε were expressed mainly in the thymus and spleen in normal healthy fish and, to a lesser extent, in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues, such as the intestine and gills. When lymphocytes isolated from head kidney were treated with the mitogens phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin, and polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid, mRNA expression levels of CD3γ/δ and CD3ε were significantly elevated within 12 h of treatment. This indicated the presence of T lymphocytes in the head kidney of teleost fish, and also the recognition of mitogens by the lymphocytes. Mandarin fish infected with the bacterial pathogen Flavobacterium columnare also showed an increase in the expression of CD3γ/δ and CD3ε mRNA, indicating that CD3γ/δ and CD3ε lymphocytes are involved in the immune response of this species.     

Trophic ecology of a resident Yellow-legged Gull (Larus michahellis) population in the Bay of Biscay

Stable isotopes analyses (SIAs) are an efficient tool to obtain a general insight into the diet of generalist consumers, such as the Yellow-legged Gull (Larus michahellis). Here we analysed δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N and δ³⁴S values in feathers of chicks and adults, and used Bayesian triple-isotope mixing models to reconstruct the diet of a Yellow-legged Gull population breeding in the southeastern Bay of Biscay. Questions to test were (1) whether adults and chicks rely on different feeding resources during breeding period; (2) whether there is a seasonal foraging effect involving a higher proportion of refuse food in winter compared to summer, and (3) the magnitude of the annual variation in diet. Prey consumption differed between colonies, among years, and also varied slightly between seasons, and this was mainly due to a differential use of prey of marine origin. However, diet did not differ between age classes. These results suggest a relatively monotonous diet with only slight variations from year to year, seasonally and at a local geographic scale.     

Species- and tissue-specific mercury bioaccumulation in five fish species from Laizhou Bay in the Bohai Sea of China

Mercury (Hg) concentrations in the tissues (muscle, stomach, liver, gills, skin, and gonads) of five fish species (mullet Liza ha em atocheil us, flathead fish Platycephalus indicus, sea bass Lateolabrax japonic u s, mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius and silver pomfret Pampus argenteus) collected from Laizhou Bay in the Bohai Sea of China were investigated. The results indicate that Hg bioaccumulation in the five fish was tissue-specific, with the highest levels in the muscle and liver, followed by the stomach and gonads. The lowest levels were found in the gills and skin. Fish at higher trophic levels (flathead fish and sea bass) exhibited higher Hg concentrations than consumers at lower trophic levels. Mercury bioaccumulation tended to be positively correlated with fish length in mullet, silver pomfret, mackerel, and flathead fish, but was negatively correlated with fish length in sea bass. The Hg concentrations in the muscles of all fish species in Laizhou Bay were within the permissible limits of food safety set by national and international criteria. However, the suggesting maximum consumption of sea bass is 263 g per week for human health.     

土库曼斯坦物种多样性及其与中国新疆的比较

土库曼斯坦与中国新疆在地理地形、景观带以及气候特征等诸多方面具有相似之处,这些因素共同决定了二者在物种多样性方面的相似性与可比性,加之人类活动影响加剧,两地物种多样性均遭受着严重的威胁。在对土库曼斯坦和中国新疆现有物种多样性数据进行总结的基础上,分析了二者的物种多样性现状、珍稀动植物特征以及濒危种和入侵种相关研究进展,对比了二者在物种多样性年际尺度上的异同,总结了土库曼斯坦与中国新疆物种多样性保护现状与相关政策,以期为深入开展两地生物多样性合作与交流提供支持。     

Physical habitat and social conditions across a coral reef shape spatial patterns of intraspecific behavioral variation in a demersal fish

As coral reef ecosystems decline in health worldwide, reef‐associated fishes are being impacted by changes to their coral reef habitats. While previous studies have shown coral reef structure to affect the demography of reef fishes, changes in reef conditions may also impact the behavior of reef fishes as they cope with altered habitats. In this study, we examined spatial patterns of intraspecific behavioral variation in the bicolor damselfish (Stegastes partitus) across the fringing reefs of Curaçao (Caribbean Sea), and explored how this behavioral variation associated with physical and social conditions on the reef. Principal components analysis (PCA) condensed physical parameters of the reef into principal component 1 (PC1), comprising depth, coral cover (%), rugosity, and average hole size (cm²), and principal component 2 (PC2), which represented the number of holes. PC1, but not PC2, increased spatially across the reef as the habitat transitioned from coral rubble in the shallows to live coral on the reef slope. This transition in reef structure was paralleled by changes in social conditions including decreases in bicolor damselfish density in habitats with higher PC1 values. The behavior of bicolor damselfish also varied spatially with greater aggression and more frequent shelter use in habitats with lower PC1 values. Path analysis revealed robust associations between this behavioral variation and physical habitat conditions of the reef, indicating that physical – rather than social – habitat variation is the primary determinant of these spatial patterns of intraspecific behavioral variation. Taken as a whole, this coupling between physical reef structure and behavior suggests that reef fish may show altered behaviors on coral reefs degraded by anthropogenic impacts.     

THE GENETIC DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENETICANALYS OF ITS1 IN MITOCHONDRIAL DNA OF FOUR POPULATIONS OF PORTUNUS TRITUBERCULATUS

对我国沿海4个野生群体三疣梭子蟹的核糖体RNA转录单元内间隔区ITS1基因片段进行克隆和测序,获得长度为515—571bp的ITS1核苷酸序列,在4个群体的三疣梭子蟹中共检测到变异位点56个,多态位点比例为9．5％,其中简约信息位点25个,共检测到40种单倍型。通过统计单倍型多态性、平均核苷酸差异数和核苷酸多样性指数,结果显示：舟山群体多样性指数最高,其次是鸭绿江口群体和海洲湾群体,莱州湾群体最低。在三疣梭子蟹ITSl序列中共发现5种微卫星位点,AMOVA分析结果显示4个群体间的遗传差异显著。另外,将本研究所得序列结合GenBank数据库中十足目12种蟹ITSl序列构建系统进化树,系统树显示同属的不同种各自聚支,与形态学分类吻合。     

THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF CULTURED MYTIL US CORUSCUS POPULATIONS BASED ON SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF MITOCHONDRIAL CO Ⅲ GENE

基于线粒体DNA的COⅢ基因序列对我国沿海重要经济贝类厚壳贻贝3个养殖群体（温州、宁德、福州）的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了分析。由PCR扩增获得23个体的CON基因787bp的部分序列,其多态性遗传参数统计显示,23个个体共检出21个单倍型,总群体单倍型多样性指数（Hd）为0．978,核苷酸多样性指数（Pi）为0．01045,平均核苷酸差异数（的为8．534,三个群体均显示出较丰富的遗传多样性。遗传分化系数（Fst）表明,福州群体与宁德群体和温州群体间有一定程度的遗传分化,而宁德群体和温州群体间无遗传分化。     

Mooring tension and motion characteristics of a submerged fish reef with net in waves and currents using numerical analysis

A numerical model was used to analyze the motion response and mooring tension of a submerged fish reef system. The system included a net attached to a rigid structure suspended up from the bottom with a single, high tension mooring by fixed flotation. The analysis was performed by using a Morison equation type finite element model configured with truss elements. Input forcing parameters into the model consisted of both regular and irregular waves, with and without a steady current. Heave, surge and pitch dynamic calculations of the reef structure were made. Tension response results of the attached mooring line were also computed. Results were analyzed in both the time and frequency domain in which appropriate, linear transfer functions were calculated. The influence of the current was more evident in the tension and heave motion response data. This is most likely the result of the large buoyancy characteristics of the reef structure and the length of the mooring cable. Maximum mooring component tension was found to be 13.9 kN and occurred when the reef was subjected to irregular waves with a co-linear current of 1.0 m/s velocity. The results also showed that the system had little damping (in heave) with damped natural periods of 2.8 s. This combination of system characteristics promotes a possible resonating situation in typical open sea conditions with similar wave periods.