Kohlendioxid-Messungen in einem Durchfluß-Meßsystem mit einem neu entwickelten CO2-Sensor am Beispiel eines Hartwassersees (Willersinnweiher, Ludwigshafen am Rhein)

The concentrations of free dissolved carbon dioxide in lake water were measured with a newly developed CO₂ sensor, which was installed in a through-flow measurement system. The results of measurements demonstrate the CO₂ dynamics in lake Willersinnweiher. The CO₂ concentrations showed a correlation with the oxidation of CH₄ in the metalimnion and caused shifts in the carbonate system, thus affecting the autochthonous precipitation and dissolution of calcite.

From the results of measurement appears that the CO₂ sensor is capable of very exact measurements of dissolved free CO₂ in lake water. At the same time, the parameter is easily determined in the field without large expenditures.     

Aqueous Oxidation of Sulfur(IV) Catalyzed by Manganese(II): A Generalized Simple Kinetic Model

The reaction kinetics of S(IV) autoxidation catalyzed by Mn(II) in the pH range 3–5 typical for atmospheric liquid water, was investigated. For reactions with pH maintained constant during the reaction course, the predictions obtained by a simple integral approach cover kinetic results only for concentrations of HSO ₃ ⁻ up to 0.2 mM at pH 4.5. Thus, a generalized simple kinetic model, which can be used for predicting the reaction kinetics in wider concentration, pH and temperature ranges, was derived. This model is based on the assumption that the reaction rate is proportional to the concentration of a transient manganese-sulfito complex formed in the initial step of a radical chain mechanism. In the proposed power law rate equation

糠醛废水处理工程实例

系统地阐述了用UASB厌氧生物处理糠醛废水技术的处理工艺,控制温度、pH值、营养盐的工艺条件,使糠醛废水经厌氧及生物接触氧化二级生物处理,可以稳定达到国家排放标准.     

鄂尔多斯盆地鄂托克前旗地区层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿成矿条件分析

本文通过对鄂尔多斯盆地鄂托克前旗地区区域地质概况、找矿目的层下白垩统志丹群华池 环河组地层岩性岩相和层间氧化带发育特征以及层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿化特征的研究, 综合分析了该区层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿成矿条件, 认为该区具有较好的铀成矿环境和找矿前景。     

Oxidation of As^Ⅲ by Several Manganese Oxide Minerals in Absence and Presence of Goethite

Oxidation of As^Ⅲ by three types of manganese oxide minerals affected by goethite was investigated by chemical analysis, equilibrium redox, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Three synthesized Mn oxide minerals of different types, birnessite, todorokite, and hausmannite, could actively oxidize As^Ⅲ to Asv, and greatly varied in their oxidation ability. Layer structured birnessite exhibited the highest capacity of As^Ⅲ oxidation, followed by the tunnel structured todorokite. Lower oxide hansmannite possessed much low capacity of As^Ⅲ oxidation, and released more Mn^2＋ than birnessite and todorokite during the oxidation. The maximum amount of Asv produced during the oxidation of As^Ⅲ by Mn oxide minerals was in the order： birnessite （480.4 mmol/kg） 〉 todorokite （279.6 mmol/kg） 〉 hansmannite （117.9 mmol/kg）. The oxidation capacity of the Mn oxide minerals was found to be relative to the composition, crystallinity, and surface properties. In the presence of goethite oxidation of As^Ⅲ by Mn oxide minerals increased, with maximum amounts of Asv being 651.0 mmol/kg for birnessite, 332.3 mmol/kg for todorokite and 159.4 mmol/kg for hansmannite. Goethite promoted As^Ⅲ oxidation on the surface of Mn oxide minerals through adsorption of the Asv produced, incurring the decrease of Asv concentration in solutions. Thus, the combined effects of the oxidation （by Mn oxide minerals）-adsorption （by goethite） lead to rapid oxidation and immobilization of As in soils and sediments and alleviation of the As^Ⅲ toxicity in the environments.     

可地浸层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿自然电场形成机理及自然电位异常模拟与应用

通过对可地浸砂岩型铀矿的地球化学特征及成矿物理化学条件分析,详细讨论了其自然电场的形成机理,建立了数学计算模型,并对常见形态矿体的自然电位异常进行了模拟计算,分析了曲线特征,讨论了自然电位异常地形校正方法,并给出了一种斜坡地形条件下的自然电位模拟曲线。最后,以一个实例说明该方法的有效性。     

川中丘陵区土壤养分含量及其与易氧化有机碳的关系

以川中丘陵区的典型紫色土为主要研究对象，对丘陵区不同成土母质的土壤养分含量特点及其与土壤易氧化有机碳的相互关系分析。结果表明：研究区内土壤有机碳平均含量8．10g／kg，属中等水平，主要集中在4．00-15．00g／kg。土壤易氧化有机碳的含量在0．65～3．98g／kg。全氮含量在0．185～1．074g／kg，平均值为0．413g／kg，含量偏低。且三者不同成土母质的含量规律均为：遂宁组〉蓬莱镇组〉自流井组〉沙溪庙组；土壤全磷含量总体在0．26—3．04g／kg，不同母质的含量与前面三者的分布既相似又存在局部差异性：遂宁组〉蓬莱镇组〉沙溪庙组〉自流井组；土壤有效氮含量总体在15．6—68．3mg／kg，其含量与土壤全氮略有不同：蓬莱镇组〉沙溪庙组〉遂宁组〉自流井组；土壤有效磷的含量在3．0—15．4mg／kg：遂宁组〉自流井组〉蓬莱镇组〉沙溪庙组。对于川中丘陵区土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、有效氮（AN）、全磷（TP）、有效磷（AP）与易氧化有机碳（ROC）之间的关系分析，得出5个一元线性回归方程。由相关系数可知易氧化有机碳对土壤碳、氮、磷作用强度的顺序依次为：土壤有机碳、土壤全氮、土壤有效氮、土壤有效磷、土壤全磷。     

Geochemical and Microbiological Analysis of Sambe Hot Springs,Shimane Prefecture,Japan

Microbiological contribution to the formation of the manganese deposits in Sambe hot springs, Shimane, was investigated in combination with water chemistry, characterization of sediments and microbial community structure. Analysis of bacterial and fungal community structure based on DNA extracted from a Mn‐oxidizing enrichment culture indicated close matches with Pseudomonas putida, Phoma sp. and Plectosphaerella cucumerina, all Mn‐oxidizing microorganisms. These sediments were poorly crystalline and formed at neutral pH values, which is characteristic of biogenic precipitates. The EPMA results demonstrated a positive correlation between Mn and Ba contents in well‐crystalline Mn oxide grains. Substantial Ba contents were observed inside Mn oxide grains. These findings indicated that Ba contents in sediments are influenced by not only aqueous Ba²⁺ concentrations but also crystallinity of biogenic birnessite. Barium would be incorporated in birnessite during biomineralization.     

No proof from carbon isotopes in the Francevillian (Gabon) and Onega (Fennoscandian shield) basins of a global oxidation event at 1980–2090 Ma following the Great Oxidation Event (GOE)

Highly depleted C isotope composition of organic matters from the Onega (Fennoscandian shield) and Francevillian (Gabon) basins are differently interpreted. Kump et al. (2011) suggested the occurrence of a massive and global oxidation event during the period of 1980–2090 Ma, which follows the Great Oxidation Event (2450–2320 Ma) (Bekker et al., 2004). Inversely, Gauthier-Lafaye and Weber (2003) invoke the possible action of methanotrophic microorganisms to explain the δ¹³C values as low as –46‰ measured in the Franceville basin. Here we present the isotope data available in the Franceville basin in order to discuss these two interpretations. The lack of any δ¹³C correlation between organic matter and carbonate in the Franceville basin does not allow the consideration of a massive and global oxidation event.     

A Reliable Method for Determining the Oxidation State of Manganese at the Microscale in Mn Oxides via Raman Spectroscopy

Manganese oxides are important geomaterials, widespread in terrestrial and Martian environments. Characterisation of the oxidation state of Mn is a central issue in science; this task has been addressed up to the present by X‐ray spectroscopy or diffraction techniques. The former, however, requires access to synchrotron facilities, while the latter does not provide crystal‐chemical information at the local scale. In this work, we compare a large set of Raman data from well‐characterised samples, already published by the same authors of this paper or as found in the literature. We show a clear correlation between the oxidation state of Mn and the wavenumber of peculiar bands; octahedrally co‐ordinated Mn²⁺ is recognised by a band around 530 cm^?1, Mn³⁺ by a band around 580 cm^?1 and Mn⁴⁺ by a band around 630 cm^?1, while tetrahedrally co‐ordinated Mn²⁺ is recognisable by a band around 650 cm^?1. Strongly distorted Mn³⁺ octahedra are indicated by the appearance of Jahn–Teller modes. Our method allows a reliable, easily accessible tool to characterise the oxidation states of Mn in oxides, also suitable for microscale mapping. It provides a robust analytical basis for the use of these minerals as redox indicators in geology/geochemistry, in exoplanetary research or for monitoring technological processes.