The rise of trees and their effects on Paleozoic atmospheric CO2 and O2

The rise of large vascular plants during the mid-Paleozoic brought about a major increase in the rates of weathering of silicate minerals that induced a drop in the level of atmospheric CO₂ and contributed, via the atmospheric greenhouse effect, to global cooling and the initiation of the most long lived and a really extensive glaciation of the past 550 million years. Sedimentary burial of the microbiologically resistant remains of the plants resulted during the Permo-Carboniferous in both further lowering of CO₂ and in elevation of atmospheric O₂. Evidence of changes in CO₂ and O₂ are provided by mathematical models, studies of paleosols, fossil plants, fossil insects, and the effects of modern plants on silicate weathering, and by laboratory studies of the effects of changes in O₂ on plants and insects. To cite this article: R.A. Berner, C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

Artemia parthenogenetica in Lake Hayward, Western Australia. II. Feeding biology in a shallow, seasonally stratified, hypersaline lake

Primary production in Lake Hayward, Western Australia, is dominated by benthic microbial communities, with limited planktonic primary production. This study investigated the question of howArtemia, commonly regarded as simple, obligate, non-selective filter feeders, were able to survive in this system. Bacteria (heterotrophic and autotrophic, filamentous and unicellular) were the major components in the diet of theArtemia in Lake Hayward. These bacteria were derived from bacterial aggregates in the water column and also from benthic mat material (both still attached to the substrate and from pieces floating in the water column). Benthic diatoms were a substantial dietary component of animals living in the unstratified shallow regions. Photosynthetic eukaryotic nanoplankton comprised a minor component of the diet of thisArtemia population. Gut contents of a large number of animals and the results of a simple laboratory test indicated that these animals utilise substrate-bound food resources. The results of the present study raises the question of the ecological significance of surface grazing by brine shrimps in other shallow, benthos dominated saline systems.     

Copepod feeding in a coastal area of active tidal mixing: diel and monthly variations of grazing impacts on phytoplankton biomass

This study examined monthly feeding rates and grazing impact on phytoplankton biomass, as well as diel feeding rhythms of four key copepod species in a tidally well mixed estuary (Asan Bay, Korean Peninsula). Monthly ingestion rates estimated based on gut pigment analysis were closely associated with their peak densities, but not with phytoplankton biomass, implying high ingestion may be related to reproductive output for population growth. The three smaller copepods, Acartia hongi, Acartia pacifica and Paracalanus parvus, showed feeding preference for smaller phytoplankton (<20 μm) with higher clearance rates, whereas the larger Calanus sinicus preferred larger phytoplankton. Acartia pacifica and P. parvus showed distinct increased nocturnal feeding rates as measured with gut fluorescence, whereas A. hongi showed no significant day–night differences. Copepod diel feeding patterns were not associated with food quantity, and endogenous physiological rhythm might be hypothesized as responsible for the observed diel feeding patterns. Grazing impact on phytoplankton biomass by the four copepods in the estuary was on average 8% (range 0.2–29.8%) of the phytoplankton standing stock, similar to values reported in other coastal waters. Very high copepod abundances but low daily carbon ration (<20% for all copepods) provided by feeding on phytoplankton indicate that copepods also grazed on other non‐phytoplankton foods in Asan Bay.     

CFG桩复合地基现场试验及有限元模拟分析

在厚褥垫状态或路堤荷载作用下复合地基的破坏主要取决于桩-褥垫体系的作用,复合地基中单桩的承载力远未发挥出来。由有限元计算结果得出以下规律：(1) 随着褥垫厚度增加,桩土应力比减小;褥垫厚度超过300 mm后,褥垫厚度的影响急剧减小;褥垫厚度超过500 mm后,褥垫厚度的影响继续减小。(2) 褥垫厚度较薄时（ 100 mm）,褥垫模量对桩土应力比影响很大;褥垫厚度超过300 mm时,褥垫模量对桩土应力比的影响减小;褥垫厚度达到500 mm后,褥垫模量对桩土应力比影响很小。(3) 承载板刚度小于6.25 MN•m2时,桩土应力比随刚度增大;承载板刚度大于6.25 MN•m2时,刚度对桩土应力比的影响很小。     

型钢混凝土异形柱的轴压比限值研究

利用有限元数值积分法编写了型钢混凝土(SSC)异形柱轴压比限值的计算机程序,利用该程序可以计算任意荷载角、任意配钢形式的SSC异形柱的轴压比限值.对不同配钢形式、不同配钢率、不同截面尺寸、不同混凝土强度等级、不同荷载角作用下的SSC异形柱的轴压比限值进行深入分析.得出了以下主要结论:荷载角、配钢形式、截面尺寸对轴压比限值有明显影响;合理配钢的SSC异形柱的轴压比限值比钢筋混凝土(RC)异形柱有所提高;箍筋约束混凝土作用对轴压比限值有明显提高.     

MSCT对肝外型肝癌的影像诊断

目的:探讨MSCT对肝外型肝癌的影像诊断。方法:搜集经手术病理证实的肝外型肝癌12例,其中男性8例,女性4例,年龄19～56岁,平均年龄37.5岁。所有病例均行CT平扫、增强及三维重建。分析MSCT三维重建对肝外型肝癌的诊断价值。结果:在本组12例肝外型肝癌中,8例存在肝硬化。肿块位于肝左叶旁6例,肝右叶旁5例,尾状叶旁1例;肿块5例以囊变为主,7例以实性部分为主,少有囊变;动脉期MSCTA显示6例由肝右动脉供血,4例由肝左动脉供血,1例由胃右动脉供血,1例由胃十二指肠动脉供血。本组12例均未见门静脉瘤栓形成。结论:MSCT三维重建可以显示肝癌的供血动脉,对肝外型肝癌有重要的诊断价值。     

摄食水平对卵形鲳鲹幼鱼的生长和能量收支的影响

水温28±1℃条件下,投喂人工配合饲料,研究摄食水平1%、2%、3%、4%、5%(每日投喂量占初始实验鱼湿重的质量百分比)及饱食对卵形鲳鲹幼鱼(初始体重5.77±0.45g)生长及能量收支的影响。结果表明,卵形鲳鲹幼鱼特定生长率、转化效率、摄食率随着摄食水平的提高而增长,摄食水平达4%时干重特定生长率与饱食组差异无显著性(P>0.05),摄食水平达5%时,湿重、蛋白质和能量生长率与饱食组差异无显著性(P>0.05);摄食水平达4%时能值转化效率与饱食组差异无显著性(P>0.05),摄食水平达5%时,干重、蛋白质转化效率与饱食组差异无显著性(P>0.05);摄食水平达2%时干重、蛋白质表观效率与饱食组差异无显著性(P>0.05),摄食水平达4%时,能量表观效率与饱食组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。生长能分配率随摄食水平升高而显著增加(P<0.05),代谢能、排粪能及排泄能分配率的变化则相反。建立了6种摄食水平条件下卵形鲳鲹幼鱼的能量收支方程。     

大西洋鲑幼鱼适宜投喂频率和胃排空研究

为探究大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)幼鱼的适宜投喂频率和胃排空规律,进行了养殖实验和胃排空实验.养殖实验设置了1次/天(F1组)、2次/天(F2组)、3次/天(F3组)、4次/天(F4组)和连续投喂(C F组)共5种投喂频率.胃排空实验采用连续测定胃含物的方法,用数学模型对胃含物数据进行拟合.研究表明:F1组日摄食...     

食物资源不足条件下螯足数量对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)摄食行为和种内竞食能力的影响

鉴于池塘养殖条件下三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)种内相残现象严重,螯足缺失率较高之实际。本研究对三疣梭子蟹的螯足进行了缺失处理,设置了无螯组(C0)、1螯足组(C1)和2螯足组(C2),在实验室内食物资源不足条件下,探讨了螯足数量(螯足缺失)对三疣梭子蟹摄食行为和竞食能力的影响。结果表明:(1)螯足数量对三疣梭子蟹的索食时间无显著影响(P0.05);(2)缺失螯足(C1,C2组)的三疣梭子蟹均可正常摄食,其中C0组蟹可用第一步足代替螯足抱持食物,将食物送入口中,表现出明显的行为补偿策略,但其啃食速度较慢,啃食耗时是C2组蟹的2倍;(3)C0、C1、C2组三疣梭子蟹均有部分个体同时抢占2份食物,其比率与个体具有的螯足数量有关,螯足越多,同时抢占2份食物的比率越高,其中C2组中有20%个体同时抢占了2份食物,而C0组仅有3%个体同时抢占了2份食物;(4)从螯足数量不同的三疣梭子蟹遭同类抢食的次数、比率来看,螯足数量越多的三疣梭子蟹,抢食欲望、抢食能力越强,而且更趋向向双螯均缺失个体发起抢夺性攻击,表现出明显的"强欺弱"现象;(5)螯足缺失直接影响了三疣梭子蟹对食物的保护,其中C0组中50%个体持有的食物可被同类抢走。整体上,缺失单个螯足对三疣梭子蟹摄食和竞食行为的影响不大,而缺失双螯将严重影响了三疣梭子蟹的摄食和竞食能力。