2016年夏秋季南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡威氏棘冰鱼脂肪酸组成及其食性指示研究

作为20世纪70年代末期底拖网渔业的主要捕捞对象以及近年来南极磷虾渔业的兼捕对象之一,威氏棘冰鱼(Chaenodraco wilsoni)在海洋捕食者与饵料生物之间的能量流动中起着重要的传递作用,而目前针对该鱼种的营养特性及其食性的研究却十分有限。为此,本研究分析了布兰斯菲尔德海峡威氏棘冰鱼肌肉组织中脂肪酸的含量及其组成,并进一步探讨特征脂肪酸对食性的指示。结果表明,体长范围为4.8—30.7 cm、质量范围为0.3—250.5 g的威氏棘冰鱼肌肉样本中共检测出29种脂肪酸,其中含量较高的脂肪酸包括C16:0,C18:0,C18:1n9c,C20:5n3(EPA)以及C22:6n3(DHA),各类脂肪酸类型含量由高至低依次为多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),饱和脂肪酸(SFA)以及单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)。威氏棘冰鱼多种特征脂肪酸含量与体长之间不具显著的相关关系,表明其摄食并不随着个体的生长而发生较大的变化。秋冬季威氏棘冰鱼呈现杂食性特性,主要摄食以硅藻为食的生物,如南极磷虾(Euphausia superba); 同时对底栖生物和海底碎屑也有一定的摄食,并会摄食一定量的桡足类生物。)     

基于稳定同位素分析推定秋冬季南极半岛南极大磷虾营养变化

南极大磷虾（Euphausia superba）为南大洋生态系统中的关键种,也是南极生态系统食物网中的重要枢纽。该种秋冬季转换期的营养信息对于理解其知之甚少的越冬机制非常重要。但关于此方面的少数研究在时空变化上仍存在着差异。为此,我们调查了南极半岛秋季（4-5月）和冬季（6月）磷虾成体δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值的个体、月份及区域性差异。我们的目标旨在检验该期间磷虾的营养变化以及磷虾与其在南极海洋生态系统中的摄食环境之间的关系。结果如下：（1）磷虾δ¹³C值与体长之间无显著关系,但δ¹⁵N值与体长之间则存在显著相关性;（2）秋季磷虾δ¹³C值呈现增长趋势,但冬初季节并无显著变化,此期间δ¹⁵N值无显著不同;（3）布兰斯菲尔德与南设得兰群岛之间的δ¹⁵N平均值显著不同。我们的数据表明南极半岛秋至初冬转换期间磷虾成体营养呈现个体、季节性及区域性变化。     

Seasonal and ontogenetic changes in the diet of blenny Hypleurochilus fissicornis: An estuarine mariculture as a model of the reef environment

The Blenniidae family is characterised by small cryptic fish. Due to the small size of these specimens, the sampling is very difficult and information about the ecological role of these fishes is vague. However, mariculture adds reef encrusting organisms that attract blennies, which makes sampling easier. Furthermore, recognising species feeding is critical to understand biological communities. In this study, we evaluated the diet of blenny Hypleurochilus fissicornis in a mariculture, to clarify its influence on the benthic fauna and its interactions with the reef environment. We evaluated the seasonal variation (four seasons chosen by the abiotic variables) and the ontogenic changes (three classes defined by L₅₀ of the species: juvenile, transition and adult) in the diet. Hydrozoans were the main prey, but H. fissicornis fed on a variety of other benthic organisms, exhibiting opportunistic habits. The diet of H. fissicornis was complemented by Amphipods in autumn, Ostracods in winter, and bivalves in summer. Juveniles fed more on Ostracods than the other classes, while the transition class fed mainly on Hydrozoans and a variety of rare items, and adults consumed almost exclusively Hydrozoans and some Cirripedia. Therefore, we conclude that H. fissicornis is an opportunistic feeder and may influence benthic organisms. The establishment of fouling organisms on the mariculture structures allows the use of this area by the blenny, since they promote its feeding base.     

Inter‐population differences in feeding ecology under nitrogen‐limited diets: Field growth and the role of cannibalism in limiting/improving reserve accumulation

Growth is determined by an organism's physiology, physical environment, and biological conditions, including food availability and any intra‐ and inter‐specific interactions that can affect feeding activity. To analyse how all these factors interact to produce final growth in the herbivorous/detritivorous crab Neohelice granulata, we performed field and laboratory experiments with juveniles and adults from three populations which differed genetically as well as in their physical environment and the organic matter (OM) content in the soil that serves as food. We evaluated (a) growth in the field: Juveniles of the three populations were cross‐transplanted in exclusion cages; (b) effect of the presence of adults on juvenile feeding: We measured the feeding activity of small juveniles in presence/absence of an adult male as potential predator in the field; and (c) effect of diet on cannibalism: We analysed the cannibalistic behavior of adult males from two of the populations in the laboratory after they had received protein‐rich (24%) and protein‐poor (3%) diets. In experiment (a), final size was similar for the crabs from all three origins but growth differed between sites. Experiment (b) showed that the presence of adults interfered with feeding activity at the two sites with lower weight indicators. In experiment (c), we observed that low protein diet increased the cannibalistic behavior of adult males, and this effect was more intense in crabs from the poorest food site. Our results contribute to understanding the set of factors and interactions involved in the response of individuals to the prevailing conditions in natural environments in order to maintain a growth rate, perhaps at the expense of different reserve accumulation. They also enable discussion of the limitations of approaches used in laboratory experiments.     

Selective feeding of bay scallop Argopecten irradians on phytoplankton community revealed by HPLC analysis of phytopigments in Bohai Sea,China

Understanding the feeding selectivity on phytoplankton by shellfi sh is currently a big challenge. In order to investigate the feeding behavior of bay scallop ( Argopecten irradians ) on phytoplankton, we compared its compositions of phytopigments in digestive glands with those in the surrounding seawater, and conducted fi ve consecutive investigations between July and November 2016 in a bay scallop culture area along coast of Qinghuangdao City, northwest of the Bohai Sea, China. Phytopigments in four-size fractionated phytoplankton of seawater (micro-(20-200 μm);nano(L)-[10-20 μm];nano(S)-[2.7-10 μm], and pico-[<2.7 μm]) and digestive glands of A . irradians were examined to investigate the selective feeding of A . irradians . Results show that fucoxanthin and peridinin constituted the major part of taxonomically diagnostic carotenoids (TDCs) in the micro- and nano(L)-phytoplankton in seawater. Compared with total phytoplankton biomass of seawater (TPB, sum of the four sizes), a substantial decrease of fucoxanthin proportion to total DCs in digestive glands was observed while that of peridinin, 19′-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, alloxanthin and 19′-hexanoyloxy-fucoxanthin showed an obvious increase when those pigments were mainly confi ned to micro-sized phytoplankton (20-200 μm). However, zeaxanthin and prasinoxanthin were mainly confi ned to nano(s)- and pico-phytoplankton, of which the proportions in digestive glands were usually lower in TPB. The contribution of lutein to total DCs in digestive glands (with an average of 7.23%) increased compared with TPB of seawater (with an average of 0.63%) during all fi ve sampling times.     

水生动物行为生态学研究进展

水生动物行为生态学是动物行为生态学的重要分支,对理解水生动物的生存行为机制、指导渔业生产和保护濒危水生动物具有重要意义。近年来,随着新型研究技术和手段的出现,水生动物行为生态学在短时间内得到了迅速发展。水生动物行为多种多样,本文主要综述了水生动物行为生态学的研究方法与手段,探讨了水生动物运动行为、摄食行为、繁殖行为和集群行为等方面的研究进展,并展望了水生动物行为生态学的研究与应用前景,以期为水生动物行为生态学研究与应用提供借鉴和参考。     

UV-B辐射增强对壶状臂尾轮虫摄食的影响

研究了UV-B辐射条件下壶状臂尾轮虫(Brachionusurceus)对6株海洋微藻:小球藻(Chlorellasp.)、绿色巴夫藻(Pavlovauiridis)、扁藻(Tetraselmischuii)、球等鞭金藻8701(IsochrysisgalbanaPark8701)、牟氏角毛藻(Chaetocerosmuelleri)和小新月菱形藻(Nitzschiaclostertum)的室内摄食实验。结果表明,UV-B辐射增强对壶状臂尾轮虫的摄食有显著的抑制作用。与对照组相比,壶状臂尾轮虫对给定饵料单胞藻的滤水率和摄食率都随UV-B辐射剂量的增大而显著减小(P<0.05)。而且壶状臂尾轮虫对每一种饵料单胞藻的滤水率和摄食率是不相同的,这说明壶状臂尾轮虫对饵料单胞藻是有选择性的。     

刺参对筏式养殖海区生物沉积物清除作用的模拟研究

室内模拟研究了刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)(湿体质量13.94 g±2.92 g),对养殖海区生物沉积物和海带粉不同配比饵料的摄食、吸收及其生长,评价了刺参对筏式养殖海区生物沉积物的清除作用。实验共设5个饵料配比组,即纯海带(A组),25%沉积物 75%海带(B组),50%沉积物 50%海带(C组),75%沉积物 25%海带(D组)以及纯沉积物(E组)。在海水温度6-16℃条件下,刺参摄食率随沉积物含量的增加明显增大,A组与E组分别出现刺参日摄食率的最小值(0.88%/d)和最大值(9.34%/d);D组刺参日瞬时生长率和对饵料的吸收效率最高,分别为:1.67%/d和48.3%;A组刺参吸收效率虽然较高,但摄食率和瞬时生长率最低;E组刺参的吸收效率出现负值,但刺参生长效果明显。研究结果表明利用刺参清除浅海筏式养殖海区生物沉积物生态效果明显。     

黄鳍刺(鱼叚)虎鱼(Acanthogobius flavimanu)前期幼鱼摄食习性和摄食率的初步研究

对 1997年 5月莱州湾潍河口采集的黄鳍刺虎鱼前期幼鱼进行消化道内含物分析。结果表明黄鳍刺虎鱼前期幼鱼为浮游动物食性 ,主要摄食镖蚤类、短尾类幼体、猛蚤类和甲壳类的六肢幼体。摄食有明显的节律 ,清晨消化道内含物最多 ,傍晚最少。摄食的种类随昼夜不同时间有一定的变化。摄食率 :C=9.2 52 8g/ (10 0 g· BW· d) ;日摄食量 :FD=0 .0 0 4 7g/ d。