Variation in population structure and life-history parameters of steentjies Spondyliosoma emarginatum: effects of exploitation and biogeography

The size and age structures, sex ratio, size- and age-at-sex-change, growth and mortality rate of the protogynous hermaphrodite, steentjie Spondyliosoma emarginatum, were compared to determine the effects on population structure and life-history parameters of exploitation (comparing an unexploited reserve and an exploited area in Langebaan Lagoon) and biogeography (comparing Langebaan Lagoon and Struisbaai on the south-west coast of South Africa). There were few large fish and a sex ratio skewed towards relatively more females in the exploited area compared with the reserve in Langebaan. The age structure of female steentjies was truncated in the exploited area but the male age structure was unaffected, possibly because of the poor relationship between size and age of males caused by accelerated growth-at-sex-change. There were no differences in the size- and age-at-sex-change between the reserve and the exploited area, suggesting that steentjies have not shown a physiological response to exploitation in Langebaan and are unable to compensate for a skewed sex ratio. The comparison between Struisbaai and Langebaan showed that the growth rate of steentjies in Struisbaai was slower and the size-at-sex-change smaller than those at Langebaan. Linefish stock assessments may have to account for regional differences in physiological parameters.     

Basaltic glass as a habitat for microbial life: Implications for astrobiology and planetary exploration

Recent studies have demonstrated that terrestrial subaqueous basalts and hyaloclastites are suitable microbial habitats. During subaqueous basaltic volcanism, glass is produced by the quenching of basaltic magma upon contact with water. On Earth, microbes rapidly begin colonizing the glassy surfaces along fractures and cracks that have been exposed to water. Microbial colonization of basaltic glass leads to the alteration and modification of the rocks and produces characteristic granular and/or tubular bioalteration textures. Infilling of the alteration textures by minerals such as phyllosilicates, zeolites and titanite may enable their preservation through geologic time. Basaltic rocks are a major component of the Martian crust and are widespread on other solar system bodies. A variety of lines of evidence strongly suggests the long-term existence of abundant liquid water on ancient Mars. Recent orbiter, lander and rover missions have found evidence for the presence of transient liquid water on Mars, perhaps persisting to the present day. Many other solar system bodies, notably Europa, Enceladus and other icy satellites, may contain (or have once hosted) subaqueous basaltic glasses. The record of terrestrial glass bioalteration has been interpreted to extend as far back as ∼3.5 billion years ago and is widespread in oceanic crust and its metamorphic equivalents. The terrestrial record of glass bioalteration strongly suggests that glassy or formerly glassy basaltic rocks on extraterrestrial bodies that have interacted with liquid water are high-value targets for astrobiological exploration.     

巨型山东龙的系统分类、生活习性与生态环境研究

简要回顾了我国山东省诸城市吕标乡库沟村龙骨涧晚白垩世早期辛格庄组中产出的巨型山东龙的研究历史,并讨论了巨型山东龙与"巨大诸城龙"的系统分类关系。对比两者的产出状况、骨骼结构和个体发育特征,作者认为两者为同物异名。依据古生物命名法规的优先律,巨型山东龙命名在先,合法有效;"巨大诸城龙"命名较晚,是一无效名称,应予取消。还讨论了巨型山东龙的生活习性和生态环境,认为巨型山东龙属陆栖性、群居性、植食性恐龙,生活在气候温暖、雨水充沛、植被繁茂的低山或丘陵地区。此外研究了巨型山东龙赋存地层的沉积特征,认为是一套辫状河流相或冲积扇相沉积,而不是湖相沉积。恐龙化石的密集产出是非正常集群死亡于突发性灾害事件的结果,而与国际上的K/T事件无关。     

An Approach to leaching Applied GIS: Implementation for Local Organizations

Abstract

Geographic information systems (GIS) is a fairly new and evolving curriculum area within geography and other disciplines at colleges and universities in the United States. The challenge of teaching underlying concepts of GIS functionality, the details of computer operation and software interfaces, as well as the contexts of various applications can be a difficult one. At Indiana University of Pennsylvania, a teaching strategy—Client-Life Cycle GIS Project Learning—has been introduced in which students in an upper level GIS course work with local organizations, faculty from other university departments, and governmental entities. This allows students with some GIS background to work with real clients; utilize and operationalize the concepts of the GIS Project Life Cycle; make the connection between data development, analysis, and applications development; provide expertise and needed data to local organizations; and see the utility and impact of their work. A group pilot project from the spring semester of 1998 is discussed to illustrate how students responded to this method of teaching GIS.     

山西大院型民居旅游地生命周期演变及其系统提升——以乔家大院为例

旅游地的成长是一个由发现引入、加速成长、走向成熟到最终衰退的生命过程。旅游地生命周期理论是关于旅游地成长的管理理论,在实践中必须采用动态的管理措施来实现旅游产品创新和旅游地系统提升。运用旅游地生命周期理论,以1986～2010年乔家大院旅游人次、游客增长率以及指数模拟曲线等指标系统分析了大院旅游地生命周期。研究表明:乔家大院旅游地经历了4个阶段,即:探索阶段(1986年以前)、参与阶段(1987～1995年)、发展与巩固阶段(1996～2008年)、衰退阶段(2009年～至今).乔家大院已经进入“衰退期”,不仅要对资源整合营销,而且要改善旅游环境,营造良好运营氛围的战略;同时适应市场需求,深挖文化因子;实行产品差异化策略,打造特色大院旅游产品和提升大院旅游地体验性,打造大院体验旅游创新产品。     

小陇山国家级自然保护区油松种群更新及生存

以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础,以林木径级结构代表年龄结构,采用分段匀滑技术,编制小陇山自然保护区油松种群特定时间生命表,绘制死亡率曲线、消失率曲线、存活曲线、生存函数曲线,分析种群数量动态特征,并对其年龄跟胸径进行线性回归。结果表明:1.油松种群年龄结构表现为稳定型。2.油松种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型。4个生存函数曲线表明,油松种群具有前期稳定、中后期锐减和末期衰退的特点。3.油松年龄与其胸径线性相关。     

Infaunal benthic communities of the New Zealand continental shelf

Seventeen infaunal benthic communities are recognised from sampling on the New Zealand continental shelf and upper continental slope. These are characterised in terms of geographic distribution, substrate and bathymetric range, and commoner infaunal bivalves and echinoderms.     

Subalpine koura,Paranephrops planifrons (Decapoda), in Tongariro National Park: Zoogeographic implications

Koura, Paranephrops planifrons, were found up to 1260 m a.s.l. in a subalpine area of Tonga‐riro National Park in May and July 1978. Their habitat is described briefly, and possible factors limiting the distribution and abundance of high altitude populations of freshwater crayfish are listed. It is suggested that all mountains may not necessarily form absolute zoogeographic barriers to koura; the kind of mountain and the ecological milieu may be more important.     

Diel changes in the abundance and size composition of invertebrate drift in five rivers in South Island,New Zealand

Drift was collected over 24‐h periods in five rivers in South Island, New Zealand, to determine whether diel periodicity was consistent across a range of river types, and whether the pattern was similar for different life stages/sizes of selected taxa. Total drift density (numbers per 100 m³ ) of aquatic invertebrates was greater at night than during the day in all rivers; peak abundance occurred shortly after sunset in clear water rivers and shortly before sunrise in a turbid, glacier‐fed river. Densities of drifting Deleatidium spp., Nesameletus spp. (both Ephemeroptera), Aoteapsyche spp., and Hydrobiosidae (both Trichoptera), were generally greater at night than during the day. However, the timing of peak abundance in the drift for other common taxa varied between rivers. Larger Deleatidium spp. larvae (> 1.00 mm head width) were more common in the drift at night than during the day in all rivers. However, this was not apparent for Aoteapsyche spp. and Hydrobiosidae, for which diel differences in the size of drifting animals were not consistent even within the same river. The propensity for some aquatic invertebrates to drift at night may influence fish feeding behaviour, particularly with respect to the timing of feeding and the species or life history stages of their prey.     

刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)高温胁迫应答基因应激表达特性的分析

采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对刺参高温胁迫抑制性消减cDNA文库中2个上调表达差异基因hsp70和l(2)efl,2个下调表达差异基因pcsk9和myp,在不同温度、不同胁迫时间以及不同组织中的应激表达特性进行了分析.在15-30℃范围内,温度越高hsp70和l(2)efl基因相对表达量越多;而pcsk9、myp基因随着温度升高其表达量下降.在30℃高温胁迫0-3h时间内,hsp70表达量的变化最为显著,表现为先升后降再升;l(2)efl在1h后开始明显的上调表达,在2.5h之后呈下降趋势;pcsk9和myp基因表现为表达下调,表达量最小值分别在3h和2h.常温下hsp70、l(2)efl和pcsk9均在体壁中的表达量最高,在呼吸树中表达量最少,myp在消化道中表达量最高,在纵肌中表达量最少;高温胁迫后hsp70、l(2)efl均在呼吸树中上调表达量变化最显著;pcsk9和myP分别在呼吸树和纵肌中下调表达量变化最显著.这4种基因通过表达产物量的变化或作为功能蛋白直接参与代谢调节,或作为调节蛋白调控胁迫功能蛋白的表达及活性来提高刺参对高温胁迫的耐受能力.