基于产品生命周期理论的旅游产品结构优化研究——以焦作云台山为例

从旅游产品生命周期理论出发,对我国著名风景名胜区云台山进行实证研究。通过研究云台山景区的主要指标的演变过程,分析探讨了云台山生命周期的发展轨迹。研究结果表明,云台山风景区已经历了旅游产品生命周期的导入期和成长期,目前已步入旅游产品生命周期的成熟阶段,为使其生命周期控制在理想阶段,此时,云台山应在充分发挥自身优势的同时,根据旅游市场变化趋势,通过优化现有产品、整合现有资源、区域合作、开发新产品、开拓新市场、大力发展旅游相关服务等措施提高市场竞争力,延长成熟期。     

Debris flows caused by failure of fill slopes: early detection,warning, and loss prevention

This paper describes early detection, warning, and loss prevention for debris flows originating as failures of fill slopes. Worldwide, fill slopes constructed on steep terrain for roads, hillside residential developments, timber harvest landings, etc., are an increasing source of debris-flow hazards. Some fill failures that generate debris flows are the final stage of incremental failures that provide warning signs of instability in the months or years before the debris flow. Mapping and analysis of minor features, such as cracks and small scarps, on paved or unpaved surfaces of fills can identify incipient and impending fill failures that are major debris-flow hazards. Potential debris-flow paths can be mapped and risk assessments conducted. Loss prevention or reduction can be achieved by (1) prioritized maintenance, (2) prioritized repair, (3) monitoring, (4) warnings for emergency officials and the public, and (5) risk avoidance or reduction in land-use planning, zoning, cooperation between jurisdictions, and project development.     

港口集装箱作业设备改造的节能减排效益评估

为提高评估结果的准确性,基于“作业活动-方式结构?能耗强度?排放因子”方法（ASIF),引入生命周期评价和费效分析理念,建立港口集装箱作业设备改造的节能减排效益评估模型,并以宁波舟山港为例进行实证研究。结果表明,宁波舟山港集装箱作业设备改造年均节能1.911万tce,减排6.175万t CO₂,节省成本0.696亿元。忽略能源油井到油箱排放对CO₂减排量影响较大,会使结果被低估8.65%或高估40.83%。不考虑设备改造成本对成本节省量影响很大(高估59.63%),但不考虑碳交易成本对其影响较小(低估2.30%)。节能量和CO₂减排量受集装箱吞吐量影响较大,其弹性系数≥1;成本节省量受柴油价格变化影响最大,其弹性系数为2.73。研究成果可为合理评估绿色港口促进政策的节能减排效果提供技术支撑。     

Cumulative damage‐based inelastic cyclic demand spectrum

The estimation of cyclic deformation demand resulting from earthquake loads is crucial to the core objective of performance‐based design if the damage and residual capacity of the system following a seismic event needs to be evaluated. A simplified procedure to develop the cyclic demand spectrum for use in preliminary seismic evaluation and design is proposed in this paper. The methodology is based on estimating the number of equivalent cycles at a specified ductility. The cyclic demand spectrum is then determined using well‐established relationships between seismic input energy and dissipated hysteretic energy. An interesting feature of the proposed procedure is the incorporation of a design spectrum into the proposed procedure. It is demonstrated that the force–deformation characteristics of the system, the ductility‐based force‐reduction factor R_μ, and the ground motion characteristics play a significant role in the cyclic demand imposed on a structure during severe earthquakes. Current design philosophy which is primarily based on peak response amplitude considers cyclic degradation only in an implicit manner through detailing requirements based on observed experimental testing. Findings from this study indicate that cumulative effects are important for certain structures, classified in this study by the initial fundamental period, and should be incorporated into the design process. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

古尔班通古特沙漠5种植物凋落物分解特征

为明确养分受限环境中凋落物的分解特征及调控因素,以古尔班通古特沙漠5种不同生活型植物粗柄独尾草(Eremurus inderiensis)、尖喙牻牛儿苗(Erodium oxyrrhynchum)、芦苇(Phragmites communis)、花花柴(Karelinia caspia)和小果白刺(Nitraria sibirica)为对象,利用分解网袋法,研究了典型植物各器官(叶、茎、根)凋落物的分解过程。结果表明:(1)不同生活型植物各器官凋落物的质量损失过程可以用负指数衰减模型较好地拟合(R²>0.70),经过629 d的分解,物种间及同一植物各器官间凋落物的分解速率存在显著差异,粗柄独尾草和尖喙牻牛儿苗的分解快于芦苇、花花柴和小果白刺,5种植物叶、根凋落物的分解快于茎,而叶和根分解的快慢具有明显的种间差异;(2)凋落物分解过程中N、P养分动态因物种、器官类型而异,5种植物茎凋落物呈现不同程度的养分固持,而粗柄独尾草和尖喙牻牛儿苗的叶、根表现为N、P养分的净释放;(3)初始化学组成对根、茎凋落物分解的影响比叶重要,其中,初始养分含量和难降解成分是限制根分解的主要因子。凋落物初始化学组成是预测温带荒漠凋落物分解的重要因素,而其重要性受植物生活型和器官类型的影响,因此,未来气候变化下,植物物种或植物生物量分配的变化所引起的凋落物质量改变,可能会对荒漠生态系统碳和养分循环产生较大影响。     

Effects of chronic exposure to dispersed oil on selected reproductive processes in adult blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and the consequences for the early life stages of their larvae

Mussels (Mytilus edulis) were continuously exposed to dispersed crude oil (0.015-0.25 mg/l) for 7 months covering the whole gamete development cycle. After 1 month exposure to 0.25 mg oil/l, the level of alkali-labile phosphates (ALP) and the volume density of atretic oocytes in female gonads were higher than those in the gonads of control females, indicating that oil affected the level of vitellogenin-like proteins and gamete development. Spawning of mussels was induced after 7 months oil exposure. Parental oil exposure did not affect subsequent fertilization success in clean seawater but this was reduced in 0.25 mg oil/l. Parental exposure to 0.25 mg oil/l caused both slow development and a higher percentage of abnormalities in D-shell larvae 2 days post-fertilization; reduced growth 7 days post-fertilization. These effects were greatly enhanced when larval stages were maintained at 0.25 mg oil/l. Similar studies are warranted for risk assessment prognosis.     

主观幸福感度量研究进展及其对智慧城市建设的启示

智慧城市在学术研究和政策制定中日益受到关注,已有研究侧重于将信息技术用于城市建成环境和人的行为分析,但鲜有研究关注城市居民的主观幸福感。为此,本文对现有关于主观幸福感的量表进行了系统梳理,并对不同形式量表的误差等问题进行了总结。目前的研究大多对生命满意度和情感幸福感分别加以度量。对生命满意度的度量主要采取单条或多条的反映性量表,以Cantril的自我标定梯形量表和Diener等的生命满意度量表为代表;对情感幸福感的度量也以反映性量表为主,包括单条的Gurin量表与多维度的核心情绪量表和PANAS量表。针对短期情感体验的调查,还发展了诸如经验取样法和日重建法等专门的方法。目前主观幸福感的量表仍以自陈量表居多,其中存在很多测量偏差。基于目前主观幸福感的量表体系和西方地理学中关于主观幸福感的研究进展,本文提出了值得未来国内人文地理学研究的几个话题和需要注意的问题。最后,探讨了主观幸福感的量表和相关研究对于智慧城市建设的启示。     

A Global Refiability Assessment Method on Aging Offshore Platforms with Corrosion and Cracks

Corrosion and fatigue cracks are major threats to the structural integrity of aging offshore platforms.For the rational estimation of the safety levels of aging platforms,a global reliability assessment approach for aging offshore platforms with corrosion and fatigue cracks is presented in this paper.The base shear capacity is taken as the global ultimate strength of the offshore plaffoms,it is modeled as a random process that decreases with time in the presence of corrosion and fatigue crack propagation.And the corrosion and fatigue crack growth rates in the main members and key joints are modeled as random variables.A simulation method of the extreme wave loads which are applied to the structures of offshore platforms is proposed too.Furthermore,the statistics of global base shear capacity and extreme wave loads are obtained by Monte Carlo simulation method.On the basis of the limit state equation of global failure mode,the instantaneous reliability and time dependent reliability assessment methods are both presented in this paper.Finally the instantaueous reliability index and time dependent failure probability of a jacket platform are estimated with different ages in the demonstration example.     

北疆地区云系的讨论

利用1998－2000年3a的GMST5静止气象卫星红外云图资料和北疆地面观测站6h降水资料，对北疆地区出现的275次云系进行分类，探讨了各类云系的生命史，出现频率，给出云型和TBB与北疆地区降水之间的关系。     

食物质量对盔形溞(Daphnia galeata)和脆弱象鼻溞(Bosmina fatalis)生活史参数的影响

枝角类体内氮磷比与生活史策略的选择密切相关,大型枝角类通常体内含磷量高、个体生长快、生殖率高,而小型枝角类体内含磷量低,个体生长相对较慢、生殖率低.由于大型枝角类对磷的需求比较高,我们假设大型枝角类生活史各参数对食物磷缺乏比小型枝角类更为敏感.本研究比较分析了食物碳磷比对流溪河水库两种枝角类（盔型溞（Daphnia galeata）和脆弱象鼻溞（Bosmina fatalis））生活史各参数的影响.实验设计了3个食物质量处理组：高磷（碳：磷=105）、中磷（400）和低磷（1450）,食物浓度均为2 mg C/L的蛋白核小球藻（Chlorella pyrenoidosa）.脆弱象鼻溞内禀增长率、幼溞生长速率、平均每窝产仔量和首次生殖时体长均随着食物碳磷比的升高而显著下降;首次生殖时间则随着食物碳磷比的升高而显著延长;新生幼溞体长在各食物处理中无显著差异.盔型溞幼溞生长速率、平均每窝产仔量和首次生殖时体长均随着食物碳磷比的升高而显著下降;内禀增长率和新生幼溞体长在高磷处理组显著高于中磷和低磷处理组,但在中磷和低磷处理组无显著差异;首次生殖时间在高磷处理组显著短于中磷和低磷处理组,但在中磷和低磷处理组无显著差异.结果表明,食物的磷缺乏降低了两种枝角类的内禀增长率和幼溞生长速率,并延长了性成熟时间;盔型溞的内禀增长率、首次生殖时间和平均每窝产仔量等生活史参数受食物磷限制的程度小于脆弱象鼻溞,导致盔型溞对脆弱象鼻溞有竞争优势.