大连湾60多年来生态环境地质演化

依据对大连湾60多年来沉积柱的生态环境地质演化研究，发现其污染变化可以分为3个时期：①1933－1974年为洁净时段；②1974－1989年为污染较重时段；③1989－1997年为严重污染时段。若视第一时段的污染度为0，则第二时段的污染度为第一时段的8倍，第三时段的污染度为第一时段的25倍，可见污染度增加是非常迅速和严重的。其中Cd、Pb、As、S、Zn5种元素含量增加最快。1997年大连湾表面沉积物中Cd、Hg、Pb、As的含量分别为自然背景值的81．42倍、6．0倍、7．54倍、3．82倍，表明大连湾污染的严重性。研究发现自1950年以来大连湾生物多样性急剧下降，说明污染度增加已对生命健康造成严惩的影响。大连湾的臭水套已成为一个生物多样性异常低下的、超级污染的环境，是一颗巨大的隐性化学定时炸弹。     

影响CT球管寿命的非质量因素

影响ＣＴ球管寿命的非质量因素是指对其使用寿命的长短产生影响的因素。笔者通过对多年工作实践的总结，从操作技术、维修保养等方面探讨诸因素对ＣＴ球管寿命的影响。     

延长日立CT-HSF机X线管寿命九倍半

CT机X线管球是组成整机的重要部件之一,由于其价格昂贵,所以设法延长管球的使用寿命一直是 CT 维修工程师的努力目标。早几年曾提出用降低管电压,管电流输出的方法以期达到管球延寿的目的,这在理论上和实际上是可行的,但笔者认为它是以牺牲图像质量为代价换取的。根据 X 线管这一电真空器件的原理,作者力图从稳定 X 线管的输入、电流,尽力降低管球的工作温度,以及根据该机管球灯丝加温电路的特点,设法稳定电源频率等方面进行试尝,经过努力和各措施的落实收到令人满意的效果,使管球工作6年,连续曝光时间达到5646小时,超过原设计寿命(600小时)的9.4倍,成为目前国内同类机型中寿命最长的管球。     

新时期弱震区地市级地震局(办)的改革思路和对策

在现阶段由计划经济转向社会主义市场经济的新形势下,本文就地市地震局(办)的自身性质,提出了弱震区地震局(办)改革的总体构想和思路,并从管理理论出发就人才生命周期的特点,提出拓宽业务领域,强化科研意识,引进竞争机制,完善服务手段等对策。对目前地方地震队伍的发展提出了方向性意见和预测。     

永恒的回忆——写在父亲逝世10周年之际

我们的父亲出生在一个淳朴的农民家庭,简朴的生活培育了他对故土、对人民深厚朴素的感情。他为人正直,性情豁达,襟怀坦荡。在遭遇坎坷时,始终对生活充满热爱和信心。父亲作为中国老一代的土壤学家,为了中国土壤科学的发展和农业生产的进步呕心沥血,经常奔波忙碌在祖国各地。在他主持和参加过的工作中,如西藏和新疆等地的农业综合科学考察、湖南南山牧场的建设和华北黄淮海盐碱地治理等主要工作中,处处体现出他的爱国之心和敬业精神,使我们深受教育,激励着我们永远前进。     

Growth of Daphnia magna males and females fed with the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus in different proportions

Laboratory experiments were used to study the sensitivity of both male and female Daphnia magna to a toxic cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa. Male and female D. magna were fed with M. aeruginosa and a green alga (Scenedesmus obliquus) in different mixtures that included 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% Microcystis. Growth of both males and females declined with increasing proportion of Microcystis in the diet. Males were slightly less sensitive to Microcystis than females with EC₅₀ for growth inhibition at 72% and 63% Microcystis in the diet, respectively. On monospecific Microcystis diet, mortality rates for males (0.16 d^–1) and females (0.17 d^–1) were similar. The reproductive rate of females was the most sensitive endpoint with an EC₅₀ of 42% Microcystis in the diet, whereas population growth rates were the least sensitive (EC₅₀ of 74% Microcystis). Microcystis in the diet severely depressed growth and reproduction in Daphnia and poses a severe threat to its survival in which only a switch in reproductive strategy might provide Daphnia a refuge to a Microcystis environment that gradually becomes uninhabitable.     

Electrification of volcanic plumes

Volcanic lightning, perhaps the most spectacular consequence of the electrification of volcanic plumes, has been implicated in the origin of life on Earth, and may also exist in other planetary atmospheres. Recent years have seen volcanic lightning detection used as part of a portfolio of developing techniques to monitor volcanic eruptions. Remote sensing measurement techniques have been used to monitor volcanic lightning, but surface observations of the atmospheric electric Potential Gradient (PG) and the charge carried on volcanic ash also show that many volcanic plumes, whilst not sufficiently electrified to produce lightning, have detectable electrification exceeding that of their surrounding environment. Electrification has only been observed associated with ash-rich explosive plumes, but there is little evidence that the composition of the ash is critical to its occurrence. Different conceptual theories for charge generation and separation in volcanic plumes have been developed to explain the disparate observations obtained, but the ash fragmentation mechanism appears to be a key parameter. It is unclear which mechanisms or combinations of electrification mechanisms dominate in different circumstances. Electrostatic forces play an important role in modulating the dry fall-out of ash from a volcanic plume. Beyond the local electrification of plumes, the higher stratospheric particle concentrations following a large explosive eruption may affect the global atmospheric electrical circuit. It is possible that this might present another, if minor, way by which large volcanic eruptions affect global climate. The direct hazard of volcanic lightning to communities is generally low compared to other aspects of volcanic activity.     

冻结粉土动强度的荷载效应及长期极限动强度

荷载效应包括速率效应和疲劳效应两部分．速率效应使冻土的动强度和退荷回弹动弹模随应变速率加快而提高;疲劳效应使冻土的动强度随振频增加而下降,但在低应变速率下却使动强度略有提高．在高应变速率下动强度大于静强度,在低应变速度下动强度小于静强度,其间存在一个临界应变速率．通过动强度－破坏振次关系,可确定长期极限动强度．     

柴油机轴承设计、使用和维修的几个问题

在保证轴承安全而经济的运转条件下,轴承装配间隙取最小值,根据流体润滑理论,选择合适的润滑油;对于厚壁轴瓦,在磨合之后应调整到运转间隙。这样就可以充分利用轴承的使用寿命。     

Environmental effects on the reproduction and fecundity of the introduced calcareous sponge Paraleucilla magna in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil

The calcareous sponge Paraleucilla magna (Porifera, Calcarea) has been the subject of several studies in the last decade. It was first described along the Brazilian coast, where it is considered cryptogenic, and was subsequently found in the Mediterranean, where it is considered invasive. The wide artificial distribution of this species allows us to compare different aspects of the biology of an introduced species in different locations. Here, we analysed the effects of selected environmental parameters on the reproductive dynamics of P. magna in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) over 18 months and compared our results with those obtained for the same species in the Mediterranean Sea. Specimens were collected monthly and analysed through histological methods. The density of reproductive elements in each month was calculated, and the effects of environmental parameters (photoperiod, precipitation, temperature, phytoplankton and bacterioplankton) were analysed using a regression tree analysis. Paraleucilla magna was reproductive throughout the study period. The densities of the reproductive elements (oocytes, embryos and larvae) showed no seasonality, and this species presented one of the highest reproductive efforts documented to date in the phylum Porifera (99.0 oocytes · mm^?3; 89.0 embryos · mm^?3; 319.0 larvae · mm^?3). The main environmental parameters related to the reproduction of P. magna were temperature, photoperiod and bacterioplankton. Temperature was the main driver associated with the densities of oocytes and embryos, while bacterioplankton was the main driver of larvae (positive relationships). In Rio de Janeiro, larvae were present and continuously released. This strategy is different from that observed in the Mediterranean, where a larger larval output was observed but only during the summer months. Our results show that P. magna is a species with a strong invasive potential, considering its high and continuous reproductive effort. This high fecundity stimulated by high temperatures may be a key factor contributing to the growth of P. magna populations and its invasion of new areas.