前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题

自地球形成至寒武纪将近40亿年（距今46亿～5.4亿年,通常称为前寒武纪）的气候演变是一个具有特殊难度和挑战性的研究领域,同时也是基础和前沿的研究领域。文章选择了前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题进行综述：大气演化、两次全球性的冰川期以及暗弱太阳问题。关于大气演化,本文首先描述了大气成分的演化历史,然后简述了影响大气成分演化的三个基本过程：大气逃逸、两次大气氧含量突然增加、碳酸盐-硅酸盐循环及其对气候系统的负反馈作用。两次全球性的冰川期分别发生在古元古代（距今24亿～21亿年）和新元古代（距今8亿～5.8亿年）,文章简述了其成因以及相关的气候模拟结果。暗弱太阳问题是地球历史气候演化的一个经典问题,论文简要地综述了一些最新的研究成果和观点。     

华北陆块2.56～2.52 Ga增氧事件对成矿和生命演化的影响

地球表层大气氧浓度的显著增高是地球史上最重大的地质事件之一,它不仅改变了地球表层环境,促进了生命演化,而且加速了表生地质过程,形成一系列适应环境突变的岩石和重要矿床。地球在前寒武纪时期曾发生过两次大气快速增氧事件,分别为大氧化事件(GOE)和新元古代氧化事件(NOE)。本文主要论述华北陆块新太古代晚期增氧事件的时限及其对成矿和生命演化的影响。华北陆块新太古代晚期形成千余个氧化物相BIF型铁矿床和矿点,属于阿尔戈马型,累计查明资源储量约335.36亿t,占全国铁矿总资源储量46%。该类矿床和矿点形成于弱碱性氧化环境,成矿时代主要介于2.56～2.52 Ga,并经历了2.51～2.50 Ga的变质作用。通过对BIF型铁矿床中矿石的Ce异常、铁同位素组成和硫同位素非质量分馏效应(MIF-S)等特征研究,显示在2.56～2.52 Ga期间大气圈的氧浓度大幅度升高,并由缺氧还原环境变为具一定氧浓度(1%～10%PAL)的氧化环境,暗示华北陆块在此期间曾出现过一次显著的增氧事件。其对华北陆块的成矿作用产生了重要影响,主要表现在以下三个方面:(1)形成大量氧化物相BIF型铁矿床,这是中国最重要的铁矿...     

深水半潜式钻井平台节点疲劳寿命谱分析研究

以某新型深水半潜式钻井平台为目标平台,归纳基于全概率谱分析法的结构节点疲劳寿命直接计算的基本步骤,建立以SESAM软件包为依托的分析流程,并就板厚修正等几个细节问题的处理进行说明.对平台八个关键节点的疲劳寿命评估结果表明平台的疲劳强度能够满足设计寿命要求,同时证明所提出的疲劳分析流程是可行的.     

基于现场监测的抗冰平台疲劳寿命估计

基于安全寿命设计方法,根据现场监测得到的资料数据,论述了现役导管架平台冰激疲劳寿命的估算法.应用ANSYS软件建立JZ20-2MSW平台的有限元模型,计算该平台的年平均冰激疲劳损伤,从而得到剩余疲劳寿命,为平台的维修、报废等决策提供了依据.     

海洋环境中混凝土结构服役寿命预测

通过参数定义对Fick定律的不合理假定进行修正,推导氯离子在混凝土中扩散的多因素修正模型,综合考虑氯离子扩散系数的时随效应、混凝土的氯离子结合能力和混凝土自身缺陷的影响.根据对大量数据的分析试算,给出模型中参数的取值.利用该扩散模型,进一步推导海洋环境下基于概率性能的混凝土结构服役寿命计算方法,有效解决混凝土结构服役寿命预测中氯离子扩散系数及混凝土保护层厚度的随机特性.最后给出实际工程算例,说明该预测方法的有效性.     

Glaciopanspermia: Seeding the terrestrial planets with life?

The question whether life originated on Earth or elsewhere in the solar system has no obvious answer, since Earth was sterilized by the Moon-forming impact and possibly also during the LHB, about 700 Ma after the formation of the solar system. Seeding by lithopanspermia has to be considered. Possible sources of life include Earth itself, Mars, Venus (if it had a more benign climate than today) and icy bodies of the solar system. The first step of lithopanspermia is the ejection of fragments of the surface into space, which requires achieving at least escape velocity. As the velocity distribution of impact ejecta falls off steeply, attention is drawn to bodies with lower escape velocities. Ceres has had, or still has, an ocean more than 100 km deep, with hydrothermal activity at its rocky core. The possible presence of life, its relative closeness to the terrestrial planets and Ceres' low escape velocity of 510 m/s suggest that Ceres could well be a parent body for life in the solar system.Icy impact ejecta - hence glaciopanspermia - from Ceres will be subject to evaporation of volatiles. Spores may be loosened by evaporation and enter the atmospheres of the terrestrial planets as micrometeorites.The seeding of the terrestrial planets from Ceres would result in (1) detection of life in the crustal layers of Ceres; (2) a commonality of Cerean life with Terran and possible Martian and Venusian life and (3) biomarkers of Cerean life, which might be found in the ice at the Moon's poles and on the surface of other main belt asteroids.     

Algal interactions on shallow subtidal reefs in northern New Zealand: A review

In north‐eastern New Zealand, nearshore subtidal reefs are dominated by large brown algae of the orders Fucales and Laminariales. Species of the genera Carpophyllum, Sargasswn, and Landsburgia are the most conspicuous fucaleans, whereas Ecklonia radiata is the only common laminarian. Three categories of events affect the composition of stands of these algae: first, the competitive effects of adult canopies on recruitment to the substratum below; second, the seasonality of spore release and availability of free space; and third, the demographic characteristics of species and their influence on recruitment. Adult canopies suppress recruitment of all species. Both repro‐duction and recruitment are seasonal in occurrence and most recruits appear within a few metres of adults of their own species. A comparison of representative Fucales and Laminariales shows important differences in how these taxa colonise substrata. Propagules of fucaleans are larger at settlement and fewer in number than those of laminarians. Compared to laminarians, however, higher numbers of fucalean adults are generally required to form a closed canopy. The number of recruits and the survival of each life history stage are affected by the population structure of algal stands. The importance of the demographic characteristics of individual species in assessing these processes is highlighted.     

Emigrating larvae of koaro,Galaxias brevipinnis Günther (Teleostei: Galaxiidae), from the Otira River,New Zealand

Fish larvae were collected in stream benthic invertebrate drift nets from the Otira River, near Arthur's Pass, New Zealand during a study of benthic drift. They are identified as probably those of koaro (Galaxias brevipinnis Gunther) on the basis of estimates of myomere counts (indicating Galaxiidae or Retropinnidae); by a process of elimination of likely species on the basis of distance up stream, elevation, and habitat characteristics; and by determining fish species in the Otira River tributaries upstream of the sampling location. This comprises the first likely record of emigrating larvae of koaro, a species known to be diadromous by the return migrations from the sea of whitebait juveniles during spring. A newly hatched larva of koaro is described and figured.     

Snapper (Chrysophrys auratus): a review of life history and key vulnerabilities in New Zealand

Snapper (Chrysophrys auratus) is an important coastal fish species in New Zealand for a variety of reasons, but the large amount of research conducted on snapper has not been reviewed. Here, we review life history information and potential threats for snapper in New Zealand. We present information on snapper life history, defining stages (eggs and larvae, juvenile and adult), and assess potential threats and knowledge gaps. Overall we identify six key points: 1. post-settlement snapper are highly associated with certain estuarine habitats that are under threat from land-based stressors. This may serve as a bottleneck for snapper populations; 2. the largest knowledge gaps relate to the eggs and larvae. Additional knowledge may help to anticipate the effects of climate change, which will likely have the greatest influence on these early life stages; 3. ocean acidification, from land-based sources and from climate change, may be an important threat to larval snapper; 4. a greater understanding of population connectivity would improve certainty around the sustainability of fishery exploitation; 5. the collateral effects of fishing are likely to be relevant to fishery productivity, ecosystem integrity and enduser value; 6. our understanding of the interrelationships between snapper and other ecosystem components is still deficient.     

减少旋挖钻机主卷扬钢丝绳磨损的方法探讨

从旋挖钻机天轮支架的结构型式,卷扬滑轮材料的选取及热处理、卷扬卷筒的设计要素、钢丝绳的选型、施工时底盘的放置状态、卸土方式、以及提引器的润滑等方面探讨了减少旋挖钻机卷扬钢丝绳磨损的有效方法。