5—6月东北冷涡持续活动及强度特征

利用1960—2012年5—6月NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,基于冷涡经典定义,采取客观识别方法检索东北冷涡活动过程,根据东北冷涡活动时空变化特征给出东北冷涡持续活动过程标准, 通过冷涡强度指数进行定量化分析,该指数对冷涡持续活动过程具有较好表征意义。冷涡活动强对应5月乌拉尔山阻塞高压、贝加尔湖阻塞高压和6月鄂霍次克海阻塞高压活动频繁。通过强弱指数年合成,得到6月强指数年冷涡系统较深厚,集中于对流层中高层,冷心结构明显,具有一定大气斜压特征; 高层存在冷中心,低层有冷空气活动,中高层西风带呈明显的上游分流和下游汇合特征,分汇流之间呈东北高、西南低的偶极子阻塞形势;弱指数年冷涡系统较浅薄,主要集中在对流层中低层,冷心结构不明显,不存在阻塞形势。     

光释光测年揭示浑善达克沙地中世纪暖期和小冰期环境变迁与人类活动的关系

为了深入了解中世纪暖期和小冰期浑善达克沙地环境变迁与人类活动的关系,对沙地5个具有代表性的风成砂——砂质土剖面序列进行了光释光测年研究。结合粒度、磁化率、烧失量等气候替代性指标及地层中的文化遗存分析,得到了浑善达克沙地近2ka来的环境变迁记录: 距今1.45~1.10ka和0.83~0.58ka,浑善达克沙地发育砂质土层,气候温暖湿润,与中国唐朝暖期和元朝暖期相对应,欧洲此时经历了中世纪暖期,该地自然环境条件比较优越,旱作农业文化发展。距今1.10~0.83ka和0.58~0.20ka,浑善达克沙地发育浅黄色砂层,气候干旱寒冷,沙丘活化,分别与我国宋辽和清朝冷期相对应,其中宋辽冷期是中世纪暖期的气候波动,清朝冷期则对应于欧洲小冰期,游牧文化发展。浑善达克沙地地层序列、气候替代性指标及其所保存的人类文化遗存揭示了自然环境与人类活动的相互关系。2ka以来,气候经历了暖湿与冷干的交替变化,自然环境变化影响了人类生产生活方式。沙地气候事件可能对我国相应时期朝代的兴亡产生过重大影响。     

人类活动对中国滨海湿地的影响及其保护对策

人类为了获取大量生产和生活资料对滨海湿地资源进行了大规模的开发利用活动,给滨海湿地生态系统带来了严重的负面影响,如石油开发造成了石油污染、植被退化和动物栖息地减少等,大大降低了滨海湿地的生态功能和社会与经济效益。以辽河三角洲湿地、黄河三角洲湿地、红树林湿地等滨海湿地为例,从石油开发、湿地污染、土地利用变化、湿地开发、城市和港口建设、水利工程建设、湿地水文过程和热带海岸开发等方面探讨了人类活动对中国滨海湿地的影响,并提出了保护滨海湿地的对策和建议。     

栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri) 血细胞类型及抗菌力的研究

用2种方法将栉孔扇贝血细胞分为2大类透明细胞、颗粒细胞.吉姆萨染色观察,透明细胞的细胞质中颗粒很少,细胞核圆形,居中,细胞质较少,核质比大;颗粒细胞比透明细胞大且多,染色深,但核质比小,在细胞质中有颗粒,有些颗粒细胞具双核.密度梯度离心结果,透明细胞主要位于上层,颗粒细胞则大部分位于下层.吞噬力、抗菌活力、溶菌活力及活性氧检测结果表明,颗粒细胞均强于透明细胞.     

Relational Agriculture: Gender,Sexuality, and Sustainability in U.S. Farming

Although 97% of U.S. farms are “family-owned,” little research examines how gender and sexual relationships – inherent in familial dynamics – influence farmers’ practices and livelihoods. Gender and sexual dynamics – shaped by race and class – affect who is considered a farmer, land management decisions, and access to resources like land, subsidies, and knowledge. We use feminist and queer lenses to illuminate how today’s agricultural gender and sexual relations are not “natural,” but when left uninterrogated are constructed in ways that harm women and queer farmers while limiting potential to develop sustainable practices. Women and queer farmers also resist, “re-orienting” gender and sexual relations in ways that expand possibilities for achieving food justice and ecological sustainability. We offer “relational agriculture” as a tool for making visible and re-orienting gender and sexual relations on farms. Relational agriculture brings sexuality into food justice and demonstrates the centrality of gender and sexuality to agricultural sustainability.     

Temporal variation of suspended sediment load in the Pearl River due to human activities

Data on sediment flux at three hydrologic stations from the 1950s to 2006 are utilized to study the decadal,annual,and monthly variations in suspended sediment load delivered from the Pearl River to the ocean.Results show that variations in sediment flux from three main tributaries,including the West River,the North River and the East River,are spatially non-uniform.Since nearly 90%of the suspended sediment load comes from the West River,its variation has dominated the overall tendency of sediment flux in the entire Pearl River.Although a significant decreasing trend exists in the annual variation of the total sediment flux,the decadal change can be divided into an increasing phase and a decreasing phase,with the turning point between the two phases in the late 1980s.From the 1950s to the 1980s,the average annual river sediment flux increased by 30.43%.However,sediment flux has decreased significantly since the 1990s,with the average sediment flux being 38.60%less in the 2000s than that in the 1950s.The current sediment flux is also 52.93%less than its peak in the 1980s. The monthly variation pattern of the suspended sediment load transport to the sea is more interesting. For the West River,all months show a decreasing trend,and for most months the reduction values are significant.However,for the East River the sediment load shows a decrease trend in the dry season and an increase trend in the wet season.The method of regression analysis was used to study the influence of precipitation in the variation on the sediment flux.It was found that the climate change is not the main driving force behind the variation in suspended sediment load.Before the 1990s, intensive land use destroyed the vulnerable ecosystem of the upper Pearl River,and speeded up the process of rocky desertification.Consequently,aggravated soil erosion caused an increase in suspended sediment load.However,sediment retention within reservoirs had begun to play a dominant role after the massive construction of large dams after 1990,and resulted in a decrease in the suspended sediment load delivered to the ocean.     

Historical fluxes of metal and metalloids in an aquatic ecosystem affected by land-use change and mining activities in northwestern Mexico

Freshwater reservoirs are essential owing because of their ecological, economic, and social importance. They are particularly vulnerable to contamination, as of metal and metalloids, derived from anthropogenic activities like mining. The temporal variations in trace element concentrations (arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)), enrichment, fluxes, and possible sources were evaluated by studying two sediment cores from the La Angostura (ANG) Reservoir (northwest Mexico), using ²¹⁰Pb geochronology. The enrichment factors showed from null to minor enrichment for most elements, but moderate to severe enrichment of mercury (Hg). Most trace element concentrations had a detrital origin, and notable Hg concentration increases since the past decade were associated with severe drought periods, likely resulting from wildfires. The observed sediment concentrations of As and Hg can cause adverse effects on biota in the ecosystem since they are above the probable effect level (PEL). Development of strategies for metal attenuation in this reservoir is recommended and metals should be controlled until specific ecotoxicological studies are performed.     

Calculating Intraurban Agglomeration of Economic Units with Planar and Network K-Functions: A Comparative Analysis

Abstract

According to recent research, one of the most promising strategies for intraurban job growth lies promoting localized clusters that produce goods and services which are primarily sold within a single city, metropolitan area, or urban region. However, in order to design urban policies to create or reinforce local clusters, the first challenge is to measure in a reliable way the clustering tendencies of different kinds of economic units in intraurban space. The aim is to compare the similarities and differences in results obtained from two methods designed to measure global clustering tendencies (the planar and network K-functions) in terms of characterization, scale, and intensity of intraurban localization patterns for tertiary economic units in a Latin American metropolis. It is concluded that the network K-function is a more appropriate method for measuring agglomeration patterns, scale, and intensity at the intra-urban level.     

基于海温和环流特征量的江苏省小麦适播期预测

基于江苏省60个气象台站1961-2010年冬小麦冬前生长期间的气温资料,利用曼-肯德尔法（Mann-Kendall method）分析发现,小麦冬前生长期间日均气温及有效积温在全球气候变暖背景下均有明显的增暖趋势。同时根据江苏省各地区冬小麦有记录以来的农业气象资料分析可得,播期与冬前总积温、有效积温具有极显著的相关关系,尤以有效积温更为显著,均通过了0．001显著水平检验,故可利用冬前有效积温确定冬小麦适播期。在此基础上,根据海气相互作用原理以及500hPa大气环流特征量能表征天气形势和控制天气条件的这一特性,利用最优化因子相关技术对海温及环流特征量进行普查,从中挑选一批与冬前有效积温相关显著、稳定性强、因子相互独立、可靠的海温和环流特征量作为长期预报因子,建立冬前有效积温的海温模型和环流模型,其拟合效果和试报效果甚佳,可投入业务应用,提前1-2月预测冬前有效积温,从而确定冬小麦适播期。     

Regional distribution pattern of groundwater heavy metals resulting from agricultural activities

Contaminations of groundwater by heavy metals due to agricultural activities are growing recently. The objective of this study was to evaluate and map regional patterns of heavy metals (Cd, Zn and Cu) in groundwater on a plain with high agricultural activities. The study was conducted to investigate the concentration of heavy metals and distribution in groundwater in regions of Shush Danial and Andimeshk aquifers in the southern part of Iran. Presently, groundwater is the only appropriate and widely used source of drinking water for rural and urban communities in this region. The region covers an area of 1,100 km² between the Dez and Karkhe rivers, which lead to the Persian Gulf. For this study, the region was divided into four sub-regions A, B, C and D. Additionally, 168 groundwater samples were collected from 42 water wells during the earlier months of 2004. The flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS-Flame) was used to measure the concentration of heavy metals in water samples and the Surfer software was used for determination of the contour map of metal distribution. The results demonstrated that in all of the samples, Cd and Zn concentrations were below the EPA MCLG and EPA secondary standard, respectively. However, the Cu contents of 4.8 % of all samples were higher than EPA MCL. It is also indicated that the concentrations of metals were more pronounced at the southern part of the studied region than at the others. The analysis of fertilizers applied for agricultural activities at this region also indicated that a great majority of the above-mentioned heavy metals were discharged into the environment. Absence of confining layers, proximity to land surface, excess agricultural activities in the southern part and groundwater flow direction that is generally from the north to the southern parts in this area make the southern region of the Shush plain especially vulnerable to pollution by heavy metals than by other contaminants.