Locational specificities of fertility transition in Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka has one of the lowest fertility rates among poor countries of the world. The fertility decline which began in the 1950s has held steady during the last four decades, despite low levels of economic development. Widespread use of contraception is the primary cause of the fertility decline. However, there is no one single homogenous body of people that can be characterized as a ‘modern’ contracepting population through which new methods of family planning have spatially diffused. There is evidence that the overall fertility decline began even before the establishment of the modern family planning program in Sri Lanka. Our analysis showed four broad regional regimes of fertility transition with considerable social and place-to-place differences in method-specific rates of contraception among them. Non-modern ‘traditional techniques’ of contraception which are widely used are an important part of fertility regulation. Sterilization is the most common method of modern contraception in all regions. Less than a tenth of the protected couples use methods such as the pill and the IUD; moreover, these methods are often discontinued after initial use. Traditional methods are an important part of the contraceptive mix in Sri Lanka, and it would be inadvisable to discourage the use of such practices. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

伸展地区变换构造研究进展

在回顾变换构造研究历程的基础上,针对目前国内外中存在的概念混乱、术语不统一,分类繁杂等问题,辨析并厘定了变换构造的较为明确且较为流行的以几何学特征为基础的非成因分类,结合国内外变换构造研究实例,对变换构造的类型及变换构造带的概念进行了区分。     

基于GA-MCE算法的不规则邻域CA土地利用模拟

不规则邻域元胞自动机通过定义一定的邻域规则,将对中心元胞影响较大的邻域元胞进行识别与计算从而确定邻域形态与影响范围,与传统元胞自动机模型相同尺寸邻域形态相比,模拟更加真实有效。基于不规则邻域识别算法对元胞邻域范围进行划分,再通过遗传算法和多准则评价相结合获取转化规则参数,继而对大连市金石滩国家旅游度假区2004年和2010年土地利用变化进行模拟研究,通过比对分析以及Kappa系数检验法对模拟精度做一检验,研究模拟结果总体Kappa系数为81.62%,具有一定的可靠性,研究显示该模型在多地类碎小斑块之间的转化模拟具有一定的优势,对于模拟土地利用/覆盖变化模型具有一定的改进。     

西昌大箐梁子组形成时代及沉积环境*

对大箐梁子剖面进行了系统的磁性地层学研究和孢粉分析。磁性地层结果显示,剖面中B/M界线出现于32.6m处,剖面下部出现了C1r.2r-1n极性事件; 本次测试结合已有研究成果表明,大箐梁子组形成于1.256~0.195MaB.P.。孢粉记录反映在此期间该区经历了凉湿(1.256~1.180MaB.P.)—暖干,后期偏潮湿(1.18~0.94MaB.P.)—暖湿(0.94~0.66MaB.P.)—温湿(0.66~0.59MaB.P.)—凉干(0.59~0.40MaB.P.)—干旱(0.400~0.195MaB.P.)的6个气候演变阶段,揭示出5次明显气候转型事件。通过与青藏高原和黄土高原地区不同或相同季风环流系统中其他剖面气候特征的比较,探讨了气候转型的控制因素。分析结果表明大箐梁子剖面环境演变过程主要受青藏高原"昆黄运动"阶段性隆升与全球气候变化控制,同时也受该区季风环流的复杂性、特殊的地貌部位等区域环境的影响。     

High-temperature heat capacity and thermodynamic properties for end-member titanite (CaTiSiO5)

 The heat capacity of end-member titanite and (CaTiSiO₅) glass has been measured in the range 328–938 K using differential scanning calorimetry. The data show a weak λ-shaped anomaly at 483 ± 5 K, presumably associated with the well-known low-pressure P2₁/a ⇆ A2/a transition, in good agreement with previous studies. A value of 0.196 ± 0.007 kJ mol⁻¹ for the enthalpy of the P2₁/a ⇆ A2/a transition was determined by integration of the area under the curve for a temperature interval of 438–528 K, bracketing the anomaly. The heat capacity data for end-member titanite and (CaTiSiO₅) glass can be reproduced within <1% using the derived empirical equations (temperature in K, pressure in bars):

东营凹陷中央背斜变换带演化特征及其控油规律

依据断裂系产状及其断裂的组合特征分析,在东营凹陷中央背斜上识别出一个复杂的变换带。研究表明,该变换带 的存在使中央背斜东、西部存在明显的构造差异。不同地质历史期变换带由不同的传递断层组成。沙四上亚段至沙二段沉 积期,主要由控凹边界断裂产生的胜坨传递断层调节中央背斜内部的差异构造变形,沙一段至明化镇组沉积期,营66-1断 裂则成为中央背斜变换带内主要的传递断层。变换带内主要传递断层具有明显的正斜滑分量,实验表明其形成的泥岩涂抹 远远好于正断裂。这些断层的倾角及其正应力与油柱高度分别呈负、正相关性,且正应力在7~20 MPa 之间;传递断层良好 的封闭性使得油气主要围绕传递断层下盘分布。明化镇沉积期传递断层的强烈活动造就了变换带中的油气比中央背斜其它 构造部位更加富集。     

Which states will lead a just transition for the Arctic? A DeePeR analysis of global data on Arctic states and formal observer states

A fair and equitable low carbon future depends on a just transition which, in turn, requires leadership. Where the Arctic is concerned, this leadership is currently lacking. To gauge which states are most likely to provide leadership in the global energy transition, a quantitative rank-percentile assessment of 21 Arctic Council members and Observer states was conducted, using measures relevant to the just transition. Data from multiple open-access sources were combined, creating a model to ‘evaluate energy and equity aspects of Distributional, Procedural and Restorative’ justice (DeePeR). Results suggest normative leadership on a just transition for the Arctic comprises international climate contributions in line with carbon emission records and a commitment to both fair and green jobs. Reflections are made on the positive and negative effects of a more involved EU for the just transition agenda in the Arctic.     

华北地区晚中生代重大构造转折的地质证据

华北地区在侏罗纪和白垩纪分别发生了两次不同性质的岩浆活动,早期形成一套高锶石英闪长岩,另一期为钾玄岩系。两套岩石分别代表地壳加厚和减薄的构造背景,两次岩浆活动的转折期大致在130Ma左右,此外,华北地区自垩纪广泛分布的碱性岩同样表明区域内在白垩纪曾发生过强烈的岩石圈伸展作用。这一地质特征与区内盆地地震剖面、造山带构造活动年龄、变质核杂岩的年龄、早向坚世太平洋板块运动方向和运动速率的改变以及郯庐断裂左旋运动年龄等地质资料相佐证。因此华北地区岩石圈减薄作用主要发生在早向垩世时期,晚侏罗世——早白垩世是华北地区中生代重大构造发生的转折点。     

Of sand and mud: Sedimentological criteria for identifying the turbidity maximum zone in a tidally influenced river

The thickness and lateral distribution of sand and mud beds and bedsets on channel bars from the tidally influenced Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada, are quantitatively assessed. Fifty‐six vibracores totalling ca 114 m of vertical section are used to tabulate bed thicknesses. Statistical calculations are undertaken for nine channel bars ranging from the freshwater and tidal zone, to the sustained brackish water and tidal zone. The data reveal that thickness trends can be organized into three groups that broadly correspond to time‐averaged hydrodynamic and salinity conditions in the various distributary channels. Thick sand beds (up to 30 cm) and thin mud beds (up to 5 cm) characterize the freshwater tidal zone. The tidal and freshwater to brackish‐water transition zone comprises thin sands (up to 10 cm) and thicker muds (up to 19 cm), and the sustained brackish water tidal zone consists of thin muds (up to 6 cm) with relatively thicker sands (up to 25 cm). The results suggest that the locus of mud deposition occurs in the tidal freshwater to brackish‐water zone, probably reflecting mud flocculation and deposition at the turbidity maximum. Landward of the turbidity maximum, mud deposition is linked to tidal influence (tidal backwater effect and reverse eddy currents on channel margins) as mud beds thin in the landward direction. These results support the hypothesis that mud deposition is greatest at the turbidity maximum and decreases in both the seaward and landward direction. This study also showcases that mud‐bed thicknesses are greatest towards the turbidity maximum and thin in both the landward and seaward direction. In the rock record, the apex of mud deposition probably marks the position of the palaeo‐turbidity maximum.     

大渡河流域面雨量时空分布特征及雨季转换指标

利用1961-2016年大渡河流域15个气象站逐日降水资料,采用算术平均法计算上、中、下游三个分段流域的面雨量,对其时空分布特征进行分析,计算流域内雨季开始及结束期。结果表明:(1)大渡河中、上游面雨量呈上升趋势,下游呈下降趋势,下游年降水量相对变率和极差最大,其次是中游,上游最小;夏季流域面雨量最大,占全年降水的50%~60%。5-9月流域面雨量在100~200 mm之间,11月至翌年2月在5~20 mm之间,流域内面雨量峰值出现时间由北向南延迟,上、中、下游相差近1个月。(2)依据雨季转换指标计算出的雨季开始及结束期比依据强降水计算的更稳定,大渡河流域下游进入雨季最早,其次是中游,上游最晚,而上游雨季结束最早,其次是中游,下游最晚,上、中、下游雨季持续时间分别为172 d、182 d和195 d。(3)当上游出现强降水时,中、下游很少同时出现强降水,当下游出现强降水时,中游经常同时也出现强降水。