α- and β-diversity Change of Late Ordovician Hirnantia Fauna of Changning, Sichuan, Southwest China

A continuous Ordovician-Silurian boundary section from the upper Wufeng Formation through the Kuanyinchiao Formation to the lower Lungmachi Formation has been carefully measured and collected at Shuanghe of Changning, southern Sichuan Province. For the first time, the temporal changes of α- and β-diversities of the Hirnantia fauna have been discussed in great detail. The general trend of brachiopod diversity change, increasing upward, is consistent with the regional trend of the Yangtze Platform, which had been controlled by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. However, the sudden drop of diversity for a short period in the upper Kuanyinchiao Formation might have been controlled by environmental factors rather than normal faunal turnover. Synecological analysis using numerical methods recognizes two brachiopod-dominated associations of the Hirnantia fauna, the Dalmanella-Kinnella Association and the Mirorthis Association, both living in an offshore, deeper water environment corresponding to BA3-upper BA4, particularly lower BA3.     

裂谷盆地下的壳-幔结构及其成因机制讨论——以由近垂直反射地震剖面揭示的松辽盆地下的壳-幔结构为例

详细研究了七段、约130km长的近垂直反射地震剖面所揭示的松辽盆地下的壳幔结构。松辽盆地之下壳幔之间为相对厚的Moho过渡带。可分为薄Moho和透镜状Moho以及过渡型Moho,与之对应的壳幔结构也有差异。松辽盆地的发育阶段明显地可分为断陷期、拗陷期以及夭折期,不同的壳幔结构可能与松辽盆地不同的发育期存在密切联系。此外,通过对比,认为裂谷盆地区具有类似的特殊壳幔结构。在裂谷区,壳幔之间强烈相互作用,不同的地壳组成和裂谷形成的不同阶段是形成不同壳幔结构的主要原因,而且它们之间具有成因上的联系,并与裂谷的形成阶段相一致。     

大兴安岭东南段中三叠世岩浆岩年代学、地球化学特征及其对古亚洲洋构造演化时限的制约

大兴安岭东南缘扎赉特旗老山门地区新发现了中三叠世中基性火山岩和花岗岩。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示安山岩喷出年龄为238.8±1.8 Ma,花岗岩结晶年龄为242.2±2.1 Ma。中基性火山岩属于高钾钙碱性系列,为偏铝质,A/CNK值为0.92~0.97,Mg#值为41~45,稀土元素配分图和微量元素蛛网图右倾明显,基本无负Eu异常,高场强元素Nb、P、Ti亏损,稀土元素总量为120.61×10-6~130.19×10-6,具典型的大陆岩石圈地幔受俯冲板片作用影响改造后的特征。花岗岩为I-A过渡型花岗岩,属高钾钙碱性系列,总体为弱过铝质,A/CNK值为0.91~1.17,稀土元素配分图和微量元素蛛网图右倾明显,可见明显Ba、Nb、Sr、P、Ti、Eu负异常,稀土元素总量偏低,为81.24×10-6~290.52×10-6。老山门中基性火山岩来源于较深的原始地幔,源区岩浆在上涌过程中经过强烈的分离结晶作用,并受到一定程度的地壳混染。而老山门侵入岩为上涌的中基性岩浆加热下地壳形成。老山门中三叠世中基性火山岩和花岗岩形成于古亚洲洋碰撞-后碰撞-拉张的转换期,时间为240~220 Ma,属于碰撞造山作用演化晚期的区域性挤压为主并逐渐转为弧后伸展的构造环境。     

内蒙古北山造山带小红山TTG岩石锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其对百合山构造带性质的制约

分布于内蒙北山地区小红山南一带的晚石炭世花岗岩,是由英云闪长岩（T1）、花岗闪长岩（G1）和奥长花岗岩（T2）组成的一套TTG岩石组合。该套组合具有富硅、富钠、低铝的地球化学特征,稀土元素总量偏低,∑REE=27.86×10-6~104.56×10-6,轻稀土元素富集,LREE/HREE值为4.71~22.76,（La/Yb）值为4.78~43.18,δEu为0.62~1.72,稀土元素配分曲线为右倾型,微量元素总体表现为富集大离子亲石元素（LILEs）,亏损高场强元素（HFSEs）,且具有明显的Nb、P、Ti负异常,Y、Yb含量低。利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测定技术,测得该套TTG组合酸性侵入体中花岗闪长岩、英云闪长岩、奥长花岗岩206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值分别为315.6±1.6 Ma、310.8±1.4 Ma、305±1.9 Ma,形成于晚石炭世。研究认为,小红山晚石炭世TTG花岗岩组合具有陆缘弧花岗岩的成因特点,形成于石炭纪百合山弧间洋盆向南侧陆缘消减过程中洋壳俯冲板片的部分熔融,这套与百合山蛇绿岩同期形成的明水陆缘弧的发育,指示了百合山构造带形成于弧盆体系的演化阶段。     

Contributions of trans-magmatic fluid in the formation of porphyry copper deposits: A case study from the Baoshan deposit,South China

The classical mechanism “source-transport-storage” of the formation of porphyry copper deposit has been advanced in recent studies, as the “source” is not the main factor for the mineralization in some Cu deposits, and the metallogeny may be affected by other variables factors during the magma-fluid transportation or storage. We recommend the essential role of trans-magmatic fluid in the ore-forming process, this fluid is released from the melting of the sedimentary overlying the subducted plate with high water and volatiles concentrations and high oxygen fugacity. The Baoshan granodioritic cryptoexplosion breccia representing the influence of hydrothermal events as well as the unaltered Baoshan granodiorite porphyry are conducted by LA-MC-ICP-MS analysis, to identify the contribution of trans-magmatic fluid. In case of the ε_Nd(t) of whole rock do not increase with the MgO increasing and SiO₂ decreasing, the large variations of zircons ε_Hf(t) values in Baoshan granodiorite porphyry (BGP, ?14.24 to ?6.38) and Baoshan granodioritic crypto-explosion breccia (BGCB, ?25.24 to ?6.62) were considered to be the interaction of partial melting of ancient mafic lower crust and Neoproterozoic juvenile crust. However, the copper mineralization requires high oxygen fugacity and a large amount of water, according to the tectonic settings of Baoshan, we recommend that it is the trans-magmatic fluid trapping and concentrating Cu from the whole pluton during the upwelling driven by magma convection. The initial magma was stalled by the ductile-brittle transition at shallow depths of upper-crust. The trans-magmatic fluid leads to the pressure increases at the top of the initial magma, then the overlying rock is ruptured and cryptoexplosion produced. Moreover, after the cryptoexplosion, the sudden reduction of circumference temperature and pressure leads to the decrease in the oxygen fugacity of the ore-forming system, which will change the valence state of sulfur from S⁶⁺ to S^2?. Finally, sulfur precipitates with chalcophile elements like copper in the metallogenic system and forms porphyry copper deposits with the low Sr/Y ratio. This study highlights the use of trans-magmatic fluid and ductile-brittle transition in the formation of the Baoshan porphyry copper deposits.     

赤道东经90°海岭3.5Ma以来远洋记录反映的重大环境事件

通过对东经90°海岭ODP758钻孔岩心3.5Ma以来的浮游有孔虫远洋记录的研究,结合岩性地层、稳定同位素地层、碳酸盐地层等资料,探讨了喜马拉雅山加速隆升、"中更新世气候转型"、"中布容溶解"事件等重大构造、环境事件在研究区的表现及相关机制。通过对各项指标的分析和对比,根据ODP758岩心的有孔虫组合面貌、古温度、古盐度和古温跃层的变化情况,推断研究区在1.4～0.7Ma期间的气候变化可能是在"中更新世气候转型"条件下发生的。碳酸钙、碳酸钙沉积通量和非碳酸钙沉积通量曲线在1.7Ma时快速增长,与现有资料显示的青藏高原的隆升历史相符,分别与青藏高原隆升过程中的青藏运动A幕、B幕、C幕(1.7Ma)和昆仑-黄河运动(1.2～0.6Ma)相当。碳酸钙含量、大于150μm的粗组分含量、浮游有孔虫沉积通量和浮游有孔虫生物地层揭示出在0.5～0.4Ma期间研究区深海碳酸盐遭受了强烈溶解。此事件与大西洋、太平洋、印度洋及南沙海区沉积记录中的"中布容溶解"事件一致。     

BaCO<Subscript>3</Subscript>: high-temperature crystal structures and the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pmcn</Emphasis>→<Emphasis Type="Italic">R</Emphasis>3<Emphasis Type="Italic">m</Emphasis> phase transition at 811°C

The temperature (T) evolution of the barium carbonate (BaCO₃) structure was studied using Rietveld structure refinements based on synchrotron X-ray diffraction and a powdered synthetic sample. BaCO₃ transforms from an orthorhombic, Pmcn, α phase to a trigonal, R3m, β phase at 811°C. The orthorhombic BaCO₃ structure is isotypic with aragonite, CaCO₃. In trigonal R3m BaCO₃, the CO₃ group occupies one orientation and shows no rotational disorder. The average <Ba–O> distances increase while the <C–O> distances decrease linearly with T in the orthorhombic phase. After the 811°C phase transition, the <Ba–O> distances increase while C–O distances decrease. There is also a significant volume change of 2.8% at the phase transition.     

Rodinia超大陆裂谷裂陷高潮与裂-坳转换:来自塔里木西北缘阿克苏地区碎屑锆石的制约

阿克苏地区位于塔里木地块西北缘,是研究Rodinia超大陆裂谷裂解过程的关键地区.在阿克苏地区裂谷序列中,发育有不整合面.通过对阿克苏地区巧恩布拉克组、尤尔美那克组和苏盖特布拉克组碎屑锆石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄测定,对Rodinia超大陆裂谷期不整合面的形成时间、不整合面上下地层的物源变化以及不整合面的构造...     

皋兰山红黏土-黄土记录的上新世-更新世转型期C3/C4植被演化

上新世-更新世转型是上新世温暖气候向更新世冰期-间冰期旋回过渡的重要时段,与此同时,青藏高原的强烈隆升也深刻改变了高原及周边地区的地貌格局和生态环境面貌.因此,开展青藏高原东北缘地区上新世-更新世转型期的古气候变化是理解地球各圈层相互作用的重要切入点.而兰州盆地地处中国三大自然区的衔接位置,对气候变化和构造活动响应较为...     

地幔过渡带和下地幔组成与深部热源研究进展

受时空不可及性的制约,地质学家在探究地球深部物质组成方面仍显得很被动,尤其是在探究地幔物质组成方面显得更加艰难.目前,科学家们探测地幔物质主要依靠地球物理学和实验矿物学、岩石学方法相结合的手段来进行.结果表明,地幔过渡带主要的矿物组成有瓦士利石、林伍德石、超硅石榴子石以及少量的CaSiO3.下地幔主要矿物组成有钙钛矿(Pv)、后钙钛矿(PPv)和镁方铁矿(Mw).在讨论过渡带和下地幔物质组成的基础上,归纳总结了地球内部热源的三种来源,分别是放射性元素的衰变热和初始熔融硅酸盐地球长期冷却放出的热、核幔边界在地磁场和高电导率物质的作用下产生的热以及来自地核的热.这些结论对研究地球深部动力学和热力学过程有重要意义.