Pressure-induced phase transition in synthetic trioctahedral Rb-mica

 The crystal structure of a synthetic Rb analog of tetra-ferri-annite (Rb–TFA) 1M with the composition Rb_0.99Fe²⁺ _3.03(Fe³⁺ _1.04 Si_2.96)O_10.0(OH)_2.0 was determined by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. The structure is homooctahedral (space group C2/m) with M1 and M2 occupied by divalent iron. Its unit cell is larger than that of the common potassium trioctahedral mica, and similar lateral dimensions of the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets allow a small tetrahedral rotation angle α=2.23(6)°. Structure refinements at 0.0001, 1.76, 2.81, 4.75, and 7.2 GPa indicate that in some respects the Rb–TFA behaves like all other micas when pressure increases: the octahedra are more compressible than the tetrahedra and the interlayer is four times more compressible than the 2:1 layer. However, there is a peculiar behavior of the tetrahedral rotation angle α: at lower pressures (0.0001, 1.76, 2.81 GPa), it has positive values that increase with pressure [from 2.23(6)° to 6.3(4)°] as in other micas, but negative values −7.5(5)° and −8.5(9)° appear at higher pressures, 4.75 and 7.2 GPa, respectively. This structural evidence, together with electrostatic energy calculations, shows that Rb–TFA has a Franzini A-type 2:1 layer up to at least 2.81 GPa that at higher pressure yields to a Franzini B-type layer, as shown by the refinements at 4.75 and 7.2 GPa. The inversion of the α angle is interpreted as a consequence of an isosymmetric displacive phase transition from A-type to B-type structure between 2.81 and 4.75 GPa. The compressibility of the Rb–TFA was also investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction up to a maximum pressure of 10 GPa. The lattice parameters reveal a sharp discontinuity between 3.36 and 3.84 GPa, which was associated with the phase transition from Franzini-A to Franzini-B structure. Received: 21 October 2002 / Accepted: 25 February 2003     

高岭石,铝土矿共生及相变的热力学讨论

根据热力学计算,在常温常压下,铝土矿物能与石英自发反应生成高岭石;硬水铝石和三水铝石都能自发转变为勃姆石,三者可以共生;硬水铝石会自发相变为勃姆石,可能为原生的;在沉积和成岩期的环境下,SiO_2和铝土矿均能化合生成高岭石。     

A NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT STUDY FOR INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSITION ZONE MIGRATION ON SUMMER DROUGHT IN NORTH CHINA*

In this paper,the summer climate of 1991 is taken as a case to study the influence of the transition zone migration on summer drought in North China by using the regional climate model (RegCM2).The results show that the transition zone migrates inland,the summer monsoon rainband of 1991 also moves inland.The intensive rainband in the Changjiang River Valley during the Meiyu period moves north.The precipitation in North China increases and the surface air temperature decreases.As a consequence,it results in a good circle between ecosystem and climate.The transition zone migration changes flux transfers between land and atmosphere,and excites secondary circulation or circulation cells around it.All those are closely related with the variation of precipitation.     

基于马尔可夫链的多元指示地质统计模型

与传统基于交叉变差函数(cross variogram)的多元指示地质统计模型相比,基于马尔可夫链的多元指示地质统计模型采用转移概率(transition probability)来描述区域化变量的空间变化,可以很好地反映复杂空间的连续性,弥补了传统地质统计模型没有考虑地质体分布存在不对称性的缺陷,简化了各向异性的处理过程,且在建立模型的过程中,融入了地质类型分布的比例、平均长度和相互间的迁移转换趋势等地质统计信息,使建模过程更直观,更易于理解。用这种方法建立的模型在理论上有比较成熟的随机理论支持,在实际应用中能更准确地反映地质体的空间分布特征。由于该模型考虑了地质体空间分布的连续性、不对称性和各向异性等特征,因此将其用于模拟地下含水层的空间结构,可以真实反映实际含水层的空间分布,为进一步模拟地下水运动提供有力支持。     

Slabby pahoehoe from the western Deccan Volcanic Province: evidence for incipient pahoehoe–aa transitions

The pahoehoe–aa transition for a flow exposed near Bodshil village from the western part of the Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP) is reported for the first time. The 1-km-long Bodshil flow issued as a small sheet from a pre-existing lobe. Near the source, the crust is characterised by numerous squeeze-ups. A number of gaping fractures, parallel to sub-parallel to the flow direction, are exposed on the surface in the medial portion of the flow. About 800 m away, the flow completely transforms to slabby pahoehoe. The terminal portion of the flow is characterised by concentrations of slabs, blocks and lava balls. The size and concentrations of the slabs and lava balls appear to increase along the length of the flow. Petrographic studies reveal a dominant hypohyaline texture. The flow core is coarse and is characterised by plagioclase set in a glassy matrix. The presence of clinopyroxene in addition to plagioclase and glass distinguishes the crust and interslab crust from the core. On the basis of mineralogy, a temperature range of 1146±15°C to 1169±15°C is inferred for the Bodshil flow. Increased vesicle deformation across the transition is discernible and an average D-value of <0.4 indicates moderate strain rates during emplacement. In light of the morphology and petrography, the cooling history and the mode of emplacement of the Bodshil flow is discussed. The flow originated as a small toe at the leading edge of a pahoehoe flow, and grew into a sheet by the mechanism of inflation. Continuous inflation caused the brittle crust to uplift and produce a network of inflation clefts that were subsequently occupied by squeeze-ups. Temporary stagnation of the flow due to cessation of lava supply or storage allowed the crust to grow and thicken. Renewed movement of the stored and cooled lava to the flow front at a fairly high volumetric rate was responsible for the initial disruption of the crust. High rates of crustal disruption induced higher rates of degassing and cooling, which resulted in rapid crystallisation of the fluid core. Increase in crystallinity lead to the onset of yield strength, and it is envisaged that at least the terminal parts of the flow behaved as a Bingham fluid. The Bodshil flow is unique to the DVP because it is the first to record slabby pahoehoe and provide evidence for the incipient transformation of basaltic lava from pahoehoe to aa.     

Experiments of Brittle-Plastic Transition and Instability Modes of Juyongguan Granite at Different Temperatures and Pressures

INTRODUCTIONAlargenumberofstudiesindicatethatthelithosphericstresslimit (peakstrength)iscoincidentwiththefocaldepthofstrongearthquakes (Goetzeetal.,1 979;Braceetal.,1 980 ;Kirby ,1 980 ;Meissner ,etal.,1 982 ;Sibson ,1 982 ;Chenetal.,1 983;Smithetal.,1 984 ;andMeissner,1 996 ) ,whicharelocatedinrelativelyhigh velocityzonesabovelow velocityzonesinthecrust.Butthereexistsdifferenttheoriesconcerningthereasonsforthecoincidence ,especiallyconcerningthecontrollingfactorsaboutthefocaldepthofstr…     

Convergence or divergence?: Status and prospects for US climate strategy

The objective of this paper is to assess recent developments and prospects for future changes in United States (US) climate strategy. In doing so, the paper explores some of the key factors that have shaped strategies and policies to date, distinguishing between factors related to institutional and governance structures, linkages between science and policy, energy technology and the role of interest groups. Against this background, the paper attempts to explore future development paths for US climate policy. More specifically, the paper assesses opportunities for policy changes compared to the preferences of the current administration, and the prospects for future linkages between US and international climate change strategies. In brief, the paper argues that substantial changes are unlikely to take place in the near to medium term, leaving open, however, the possibility of wide-ranging changes in domestic politics or major incidents that could facilitate a shift in the perceived need for near-term action.     

德国大陆超深钻井注水诱发地震的精确定位

2000年8月21日～10月20日，德国大陆超深钻井(KTB)进行了为期60天的新一轮注水诱发地震实验．在对KTB台网所记录到的2 700多次地震的原始波形进行分析和处理的基础上，对其中的237次地震进行了精确定位．定位时，先采用和达法剔除了误识的非KTB诱发地震事件；然后，使用大折刀法求得了台站偏差的最佳值，以及中误差和平均误差；最后应用Geiger法进行修定，从而保证了237个事件定位的中误差达到0.1 km的高精度．定位结果显示，在大于9.3 km(几乎是主井底的深度)没有发生诱发地震．这一现象表明，在这个深度，应力可能低于摩擦强度，以至于由注水引起的孔隙压力的变化不足以诱发地震；在这样的深度不存在可渗透的、取向恰当的断层．这个深度也可能是这一区域内的地震活动性的最大深度，即在这一相对稳定地区的板块内部，主井底已接近脆-延性转换带．并用实验室的结果和超深钻井中所观测到的热流值资料解释了这一现象．      

MODEL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF SOIL NO EMISSIONS ON SURFACE OZONE

The effect of soil NO emissions on surface ozone in autumn in East China has been studied byusing TCTM(Troposphere Chemical Transport Model)with the input of meteorological variablesfrom RAMS.The chemical mechanism for ozone variation caused by soil emissions has also beeninvestigated.The model results reveal that soil NO emissions are important to regional ozoneformation and distribution and the effect of soil NO emissions shows spatial inhomogeneity.Ozoneover most areas in northern China decreases with maximum average decrement reaching 5 ppbwhile it increases over most areas of central and southern China with maximum average incrementreaching 7 ppb caused by soil NO emissions.This situation of ozone variation is mainly determinedby nonlinear photochemical mechanism.For the low NOx areas(≤3 ppb),ozone increases as NOxincreases;for the high NOx areas(>3 ppb),ozone decreases as NOx increases.The effect of soilNO emissions on ozone depends on the transition value and NOx concentrations.     

将MAPGIS图形文件转换为常用软件能调用的图像文件

本文通过笔者实践经验，就MAPGIS的不同版本分别介绍如何将其图形文件转换成其他常用软件能方便调用的图像文件的方法。