基于MOD13Q1数据的宁夏生长季植被动态监测

宁夏自2000年后实施退耕还林以来,局部地区的生态环境得到明显改善,为探求近15来年宁夏地区植被的动态变化及其影响因子,本文以MOD13Q1为数据源,结合DEM数据、土地利用分类图,采用Sen+Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法和Hurst模型,分析了宁夏不同行政区、不同海拔、不同坡度、不同坡向及不同植被类型生长季NDVI的空间变化特征及未来变化趋势;并利用重心迁移模型和转移矩阵分析宁夏2000-2014年间植被覆盖的时空演变特征。结果表明：①从空间分布看,宁夏南部六盘山、北部贺兰山及引黄灌溉区植被长势较好,中部干旱地区植被长势较差;且植被NDVI与海拔高程和坡度呈显著正相关。②从植被覆盖的转移矩阵看,较高植被覆盖的面积占比从2000年的17.29%增长到2014年的31.55%,主要是由较低植被覆盖转化而来的。③从重心迁移方向看,中度植被覆盖和较高植被覆盖的重心迁移最为明显,分别向东北方向偏移了129.49 km和向东南方向偏移了89.49 km。④从变化趋势看,生长季植被NDVI整体呈上升趋势,明显改善的面积占总面积的59.63%,轻微改善区域占31.72%;林地和水田显著改善的面积分别占总面积的71.50%和70.80%;显著改善的面积比例随海拔高程和坡度的增加均先增加后减少,且南部各行政区植被改善的面积均高于北部。⑤从可持续性看,植被恢复的持续性较强,89.24%的植被NDVI呈现持续改善的趋势;南部地区的持续改善的面积大于北部地区。     

A three-dimensional radially anisotropic model of shear velocity in the whole mantle

We present a 3-D radially anisotropic S velocity model of the whole mantle (SAW642AN), obtained using a large three component surface and body waveform data set and an iterative inversion for structure and source parameters based on Non-linear Asymptotic Coupling Theory (NACT). The model is parametrized in level 4 spherical splines, which have a spacing of ∼ 8°. The model shows a link between mantle flow and anisotropy in a variety of depth ranges. In the uppermost mantle, we confirm observations of regions with   V_SH > V_SV   starting at ∼80 km under oceanic regions and ∼200 km under stable continental lithosphere, suggesting horizontal flow beneath the lithosphere. We also observe a   V_SV > V_SH   signature at ∼150–300 km depth beneath major ridge systems with amplitude correlated with spreading rate for fast-spreading segments. In the transition zone (400–700 km depth), regions of subducted slab material are associated with   V_SV > V_SH   , while the ridge signal decreases. While the mid-mantle has lower amplitude anisotropy (<1 per cent), we also confirm the observation of radially symmetric   V_SH > V_SV   in the lowermost 300 km, which appears to be a robust conclusion, despite an error in our previous paper which has been corrected here. The 3-D deviations from this signature are associated with the large-scale low-velocity superplumes under the central Pacific and Africa, suggesting that   V_SH > V_SV   is generated in the predominant horizontal flow of a mechanical boundary layer, with a change in signature related to transition to upwelling at the superplumes.     

滇西云龙县漕涧地区中三叠世流纹岩的厘定及其对古特斯构造体制转化的约束

1：5万区域地质调查表明,在滇西澜沧江断裂带与保山地块之间断续出露一套中—晚三叠世中酸性-酸性火山岩、火山碎屑岩、火山-沉积岩,主要出露于云南云龙县漕涧、昌宁县珠山、凤庆县大四甲、双江县勐库、勐海县曼养等地,属弧间盆地内的火山-沉积岩系。对云龙县漕涧一带出露的流纹岩进行了地球化学和锆石U-Pb测年。结果表明,其A/CNK=1.05~2.44,为一套过铝质的高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为235.8±4.9 Ma、235.2±5.6 Ma,属中三叠世。在地球化学特征上,该套火山岩以显著富集Nb、Ta、Th、Zr、Hf、Y等高场强元素(HFSE),亏损Sr、Ba等大离子亲石元素及P、Ti等高场强元素为特征,属中-上部地壳变质沉积岩低压角闪岩相条件下的低程度部分熔融物,是碰撞造山作用结束后,区域性地壳松弛过程中,深部地幔物质上涌引起的加热增温与隆升减压熔融联合作用的结果。往南至凤庆县、双江县等地,该套火山岩逐渐向准铝质-过铝质的高钾钙碱性-钙碱性系列过渡;微量元素蛛网图显示明显的"T-N-T"的负异常,指示在隆升减压条件下,受俯冲流体交代的中-下地壳物质在高压角闪岩相-麻粒岩相条件下发生了较高程度的部分熔融作用。这套三叠纪火山岩虽然在岩浆源区、部分熔融程度、岩浆形成的温-压条件等方面存在差异,但都是古特提斯洋关闭后,大洋构造体制向大陆构造体制转化的深部过程在地表的反映。     

三峡库区山区农业生态系统转型

The Three Gorges Reservoir Area(TGRA)is typical of an ecologically vulnerable area,comprised of rural and mountainous areas,and with high immigration.Because of its economic and ecologic importance,studying the traditional agroecosystem changes in the TGRA is key to rural development and revitalization.In this study,we apply a framework of theoretical analysis,empirical study,and trend prediction to the Caotangxi River watershed within the TGRA.Using QuickBird high-resolution remote sensing images from 2012 to 2017 to evaluate natural resources and farmers’behavior,we analyze the transition and trends in the traditional agroecosystem in mountainous areas of the TGRA at spatial scale of the man-land relationship.We find that the agroecosystem in the TGRA can be divided into four modes using 100 m interval buffer rings:high-low-low,high-low-high,low-high-low and low-low-high mode where the different modes represent the agricultural development stages in the TGRA.Furthermore,the traditional agroecosystem in TGRA,represented by system elements such as farmers and sloping farmland,is transforming to accommodate the diversification of farmer livelihoods.For example,sloping farmland,which was dominated by a production function,now has equal emphasis on ecological and economic functions.Spatially,the range of the agroecosystem transition has migrated beyond high mountain areas to flat valley areas.Generally,this study provides an overview of land use in rural areas,controls on soil and water loss in mountainous areas,and better rural living environments in the TGRA.     

武广高速铁路对耒阳市产业转型的影响

基于资源枯竭型城市耒阳市产业转型面临的主要问题,以高速铁路这一新型交通因素为切入点,分析武广高铁对耒阳市产业转型的影响机制;以Hr-PCDL模型为基础探讨耒阳市产业转型应该优先选择的接续产业。结果表明：高速铁路的通达性、便捷性、高效性改变了耒阳市的产业发展环境;集聚效应、同城效应、开放效应强化了耒阳市产业转型的动力;产业整体布局、战略定位与区际联系的优化明晰了耒阳市产业转型的路径;旅游业、现代物流业、现代农业以及轻工产业是耒阳市应该优先选择的接续产业;应通过关联互补与错位互补强化与周边地区的分工合作,避免在产业转型中陷入新一轮的产业重构与恶性竞争。     

热带气旋的温带变性过程对中纬度下游环流的影响

用WRF模式对变性台风(TC)马勒卡进行模拟,研究了在台风的变性过程(ET)的作用下中纬度下游环流特别是中纬度急流的发展,对台风的强度及其相对上游槽位置的敏感性。结果表明:TC与中纬度系统的相互作用会使得中纬度急流处的斜压不稳定性增大,急流增强。下游环流的发展对TC强度及TC与西风带上游槽的相对位置非常敏感。若TC增强,TC溢出流作用于中纬度急流,使之不稳定性增强,强度也增强,从而导致中纬度下游急流的强度、范围都增强,下游槽脊更显著。若台风减弱则反之。类似的,若TC靠近上游槽,其对中纬度急流的作用得到进一步加强和提前,急流的不稳定性增加,强度增强,下游的急流和槽脊也得到增强。若TC远离上游槽,则反之。     

低温裂隙岩体水-热耦合模型研究及数值分析

裂隙渗流会引起裂隙周围岩体中的温度场变化,在低温岩体中其影响更为明显;此外,裂隙水与周围低温岩石介质发生热交换会引起裂隙中的水冰相变过程发生,而裂隙水冻结将阻碍裂隙渗流,引起裂隙渗流场的变化。因此,低温下的裂隙岩体水-热相互作用是一个强耦合过程。考虑裂隙中的水冰相变过程和渗流作用,建立了低温冻结条件下裂隙岩体水-热耦合模型;以冻结法施工为例,考察了低温冻结过程中裂隙水渗流对裂隙冻结交圈的影响。研究结果表明：由于裂隙渗流的存在,距裂隙较远处岩石先冻结,裂隙冻结所需时间远大于周围岩石;裂隙宽度和裂隙水压力差都会影响冻结交圈时间,裂隙越宽、水压力差越大,裂隙冻结需要时间越长;随着冻结时间的推进,裂隙水渗流速度逐渐降低,当裂隙冻结后裂隙渗流停止。最后通过构建随机裂隙网络模型,利用所建立的水-热耦合模型考察了裂隙网络渗流对冻结交圈的影响,说明了在冻结法施工中考虑裂隙的重要性。     

Cretaceous A-type volcanic–intrusive rocks and simultaneous mafic rocks along the Gan-Hang Tectonic Belt,Southeast China: petrogenesis and implications for the transition of crust–mantle interaction

ABSTRACT

Abundant evidence points to the Cretaceous crust–mantle interaction and plate subduction in the Gan-Hang Tectonic Belt (GHTB), southeastern China, but the evolutionary process remains poorly constrained. Here we conduct a comprehensive study on Daqiaowu granitic porphyry and diabase dikes in the eastern GHTB, in conjunction with previous studies on simultaneous felsic and mafic rocks along the GHTB, to demonstrate their petrogenesis and geodynamic evolutionary process. The Daqiaowu granitic porphyry (125 Ma), as well as the coeval granitic rocks, exhibits high zircon saturation temperatures, alkalis, 10⁴*Ga/Al ratios, and Zr + Nb + Ce + Y contents, concluding a distinctive belt of the Early Cretaceous (~137–125 Ma) A-type volcanic–intrusive rocks in the GHTB. Their ε_Nd(t) and zircon ε_Hf(t) values gradually increased through time from approximately ?9.0 to ?1.0 and ?10.0 to +4.0, respectively, implying increasing contribution of mantle-derived components to their formation, and hence progressively intensified crust–mantle interaction in an intra-arc rift environment (a geodynamic transition stage from continental arc to back-arc) during the Early Cretaceous. This plausibility is further supported by the Early Cretaceous Daqiaowu diabase dikes and coeval mafic rocks which exhibit arc-like magmatic signatures and were derived from mantle wedge. In contrast, the Late Cretaceous mafic rocks show ocean island basalt-like geochemical characteristics, reflecting a depleted asthenosphere mantle source. This discrepancy of mantle sources concludes that the geodynamic setting in the GHTB may have basically transferred to back-arc regime in the Late Cretaceous. Thus, the Cretaceous geodynamic evolutionary process in the GHTB can be defined as the Early Cretaceous gradually intensified crust–mantle interaction in a geodynamic transition stage (from continental arc to back-arc extension) and the Late Cretaceous back-arc extensional setting.     

江西冷水坑火山-侵入杂岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

江西冷水坑矿田是武夷山地区重要的银铅锌矿集中区之一,以斑岩型矿床和火山沉积-热液改造型矿床为特色,前人对冷水坑矿床的成岩成矿作用、控矿构造、成矿模式等开展了大量的研究,但对不同地质体与成矿的先后关系、岩浆活动期次与成矿作用的关系研究相对薄弱。本文对打鼓顶组火山岩和含矿花岗斑岩进行了激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)锆石U-Pb年代学研究,结果表明打鼓顶组底板、顶板晶屑凝灰岩形成时代分别为161.3±1.3 Ma、160.75±0.96 Ma,含矿花岗斑岩形成时代为168.09±0.80 Ma,结合以往研究资料,将冷水坑矿田火山-侵入岩岩浆活动划分为3个期次:第Ⅰ期火山-侵入岩浆活动形成于164~170 Ma;第Ⅱ期火山-侵入岩浆活动发生于157~161 Ma,为火山沉积-热液改造型矿床和斑岩型矿体的主要成矿时代,岩浆活动和成矿时代基本一致;第Ⅲ期火山-侵入岩浆活动时限为140~146 Ma。也暗示华南冷水坑等地晚侏罗世火山岩形成于华南中生代构造体制转换的关键时期,为华南晚中生代构造背景的研究提供了重要地质依据。     

含NaCl和Na2SO4双组分盐渍土的水盐相变温度研究

盐渍土相变温度是判断土体中水分冻结与融化、盐分结晶与溶解的重要参数.不同盐分含量相变温度的差异,给盐渍土在降温过程中的水盐迁移过程及变形规律的模拟带来极大的不确定性.通过降温试验,研究了降温过程中氯盐和硫酸盐综合作用盐渍土中水盐相变温度的变化情况.结果表明:全盐量相同时,盐结晶温度随NaCl和Na2SO4比例的不同而不...