Shaping climate policy in the housing sector in northern Chinese cities

What are relevant urban development investment strategies for improving building energy efficiency (BEE) and decarbonizing the urban district heating supply in rapidly urbanizing China? Different trajectories of BEE and energy supply technologies are compared in the urban context in a northern Chinese city. Vigorous improvement of BEE will significantly enhance the prospective financial capacity to facilitate deployment of backstop technologies (e.g. carbon capture and storage) in order to decarbonize the energy supply and achieve the long-term targets of low-carbon buildings. Carbon finance instruments should be used to facilitate public policy to accompany the necessary transition in the urban development process. The government-run efficiency procurement scheme will overcome the problem of insufficient incentive and high transaction costs associated with individual Clean Development Mechanism projects. Appropriate investment strategies (allocation of financial resources over the time frame) will allow local governments to harness the large potentials of carbon emissions mitigation while minimizing the risk of long-term technical lock-in in the built environment in Chinese cities.     

Greenhouse gas emission mitigation plan for the State of Israel: strategies,incentives and reporting

In the context of the negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its accompanying Kyoto Protocol, participating nations have recognized the need for formulating Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs). These NAMAs allow countries to take into account their national circumstances and to construct measures to mitigate GHG emissions across economic sectors. Israel has declared to the UN that it would strive to reduce its GHG emissions by 20% in the year 2020 relative to a ‘business as usual' scenario. With its growing population and an expanding economy, the national GHG mitigation plan was developed to draw a course for steering the Israeli economy into a low-carbon future while accommodating continued economic growth. The article describes relevant policy measures, designed to aid in the implementation of the plan and compares them with measures being undertaken by different countries. Emphasis is placed on analysing the progress to date, opportunities and barriers to attaining the ultimate GHG emissions reduction goals. The objective of this article is to contribute to the knowledge base of effective approaches for GHG emissions reduction. We emphasize the integrated approach of planning and implementation that could be especially useful for developing countries or countries with economies in transition, as well as for developed countries. Yet, in the article we argue that NAMAs’ success hinges on structured tracking of progress according to emerging global consensus standards such as the GHG Protocol Mitigation Goals Standard.

Policy relevance:

The study is consistent with the NAMA concept, enabling a country to adopt a ‘climate action plan’ that contributes to its sustainable development, while enabled by technology and being fiscally sound.

The analysis shows that although NAMAs have been framed in terms of projects, policies, and goals, current methodologies allow only the calculation of emission reductions that can be attributed to distinct projects. Currently, no international guidance exists for quantifying emissions reduction from policy-based NAMAs, making it difficult to track and validate progress. This gap could be addressed by an assessment framework that we have tested, as part of a World Resources Institute pilot study for an emerging voluntary global standard.     

EXTERNAL CONTROL OF NONMETROPOLITAN INDUSTRY IN KENTUCKY

The organizational separation of management and other quaternary activities from production operations in American manufacturing has resulted in a divergent pattern of production and headquarter locations. We examine the external control relationships that arise from this separation between headquarter location and branch plant operations in nonmetropolitan Kentucky. Although corporate headquarters have diffused to the Sunbelt, no shift was found in the corporate control of branch plants in Kentucky. Nonmetropolitan manufacturing in Kentucky was oriented toward the metropolitan centers of the traditional manufacturing belt rather than the newer corporate centers of the South. Also control relationships are more likely to be local among smaller factories. Large plants having more autonomy in production or producing finished goods were more likely to be owned by a distant firm located in a large SMSA.     

浅谈1∶10000调绘内外业一体化作业

简要介绍了制作数字正射影像图、数字线划图的作业方法;并对1∶10 000调绘内外业一体化作业流程进行了有针对性地阐述;着重就外业调绘部分在内外业一体化作业方法中的重要性及主要技术要求做了较全面描述。     

外部利润、产权界定与土地资源优化配置——成都市农村土地股份合作制改革的制度经济学解析

以"外部利润——产权界定——资源优化配置"为研究主线,对成都市农村土地股份合作制改革进行了制度经济学解析。研究发现,制度创新空间的形成、土地的增值收益、土地规模利用效应和土地集约利用效应构成了成都市农村土地股份合作制改革的外部利润。成都市农村土地股份合作制改革,一方面可以提高土地规模和集约利用效应,促进土地资源优化配置;另一方面可以明晰集体土地产权主体,健全基层组织治理机制。要采取诸如放松法律限制、加强理论研究、规范机制建设等措施,从而推动土地股份合作制的生成和发展。     

脉冲多普勒天气雷达发射功率测量技术

通过分析目前国内脉冲多普勒天气雷达发射功率的测量原理和方法,总结得到测量中的计量依据、关键因子及其影响,结合在S波段脉冲多普勒天气雷达测量工作中的实际应用情况,研究科学规范且适合台站应用的雷达发射功率测量方法、技巧和关键技术。影响雷达发射功率测量准确性的因素很多,不规范的测量方法会导致较大的功率测量误差,影响雷达探测精度。研究与掌握科学规范的雷达发射功率测量技术与方法,对保证雷达检查、测试与定标的准确性有十分重要的意义。     

苦参地肤洗剂治疗急性湿疹42例临床观察

目的：探讨苦参地肤洗剂治疗急性湿疹的临床疗效。方法：将急性湿疹患者84 例随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各42 例。治疗组采用苦参地肤洗剂冷湿敷治疗,对照组采用3%硼酸洗液冷湿敷治疗,疗程均为2周。观察2组湿疹面积及严重程度指数（EASI）评分、瘙痒程度［视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评分］及生活质量指数（DLQI）评分,并评定综合疗效。结果：总有效率治疗组为92.86%（39/42）,高于对照组的76.19%（32/42）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后EASI评分及治疗前后EASI评分差值2组间比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;治疗后VAS评分、DLQI评分及其治疗前后差值2组间比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05或P<0.01）。结论：苦参地肤洗剂治疗急性湿疹效果明显,使用方便,疗效较3%硼酸洗液优,值得临床推广。     

基于分层分户图的室内外一体化三维模型构建与应用

房产三维是三维GIS的应用重点,分层分户图的三维建模更是房产三维建设的重要组成部分.本文对比了3 Ds Max建模、平面拉伸建模和分层分户图建模方法,分析了分层分户图建模优势,重点研究了分层分户图建立三维模型的方法.