福建沿海经济带生态地球化学调查与评价

介绍了福建省沿海经济带生态地球化学调查的主要成果。总体上该区地球化学环境质量优良,Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类土壤占全区总面积的98.44%,Ⅲ类和劣Ⅲ类土壤占全区总面积的1.56%,主要分布在中心城市内,主要污染元素为Hg、Cd、Cu;质量好、适合海水养殖的第一类沉积物样品占92.36%,质量较差的第二类沉积物样品占6.84%;地表水和浅层地下水样中大部分元素处于自然低背景含量状态,部分水样Mn、Fe超标。该区存在的生态地球化学问题有:①山地土壤pH值低,Ca、Mg缺乏;②岛屿、半岛及台地土地贫瘠;③河口平原土壤、海湾沉积物重金属元素含量高。较高的自然背景含量、强酸性的表生环境和工业污染的共同作用,造成部分农产品有害元素含量超标。     

汉江水利工程与环境水文及测验方法研究

汉江干支流上多座水利枢纽工程的修建,使汉江众多水文站由天然水文进入受水利工程影响的环境水文,其水文情势完全受人工调节,水文要素之间关系复杂多变,这给水文测验和成果计算带来了很大的难度。为此,我们研究出了适合受汉江水利工程影响的环境水文测验方法,提出了水库下游测站输沙模数采用当年入库输沙量加区间来沙计算公式。其测验方法可供同类测站参考。     

金江滑坡成因离散元模拟

在对金江巨型滑坡的工程环境条件及现今坡体物质组成、自身结构及变形破坏特征等方面调查研究的基础上,宏观判断滑坡为整体式滑移-弯曲破坏模式。为直观反映滑坡变形破坏的过程,根据对滑坡区基岩结构特征的分析,采用离散元软件2D_Block对滑坡成因机制进行模拟。根据滑坡普遍发育的地形地貌特征,恢复滑坡区原始斜坡地形,根据岩体结构划分模型计算单元,将地震效应考虑进2D_Block模型参数中。通过计算,展现了滑坡的发展演化过程,并将其分为三个阶段,即轻微隆起阶段、强烈隆起阶段、滑面贯通剪出阶段。     

连续降雨作用下非饱和土边坡的稳定性分析

在边坡稳定性研究中,吸力的影响经常被忽略。基于非饱和土的渗流理论,利用数值分析方法研究了一个由于连续降雨导致的非饱和土边坡失稳的工程实例。研究结果表明:非饱和土的吸力对于维持边坡稳定具有重要影响,而吸力与降雨频率、降雨量、降雨时间、蒸发量等密切相关。对于工程实践而言,吸力的监测对于维持土坡稳定具有重要意义。     

辽河流域人发中重金属元素分布特征

对辽河流域人发中重金属元素含量分布、分配规律研究结果表明：重金属元素尤其是铅、镉、汞、砷、铬元素，分布规律有很大相同之处，高含量数据点均围绕沈阳、锦州等重工业城市及阜新、柴河铅矿及其下游等地区分布，且城市居民平均含量明显高于乡村居民平均水平。通过进一步对典型污染区的研究发现：人发分布特征与背景环境有很大相关性，即土壤、浅层地下水、作物中重金属含量高的地区，人发中重金属含量亦较高。     

加强多目标调查成果转化与应用为社会经济与生态环境的协调发展服务

依据多目标区域生态地球化学调查已经取得的部分成果（如：国土环境质量状况、农田区土壤肥力和营养状况、规划特色优势农作物产地、部分地方病分布区和影响因素等），从发展循环经济、提高土地管理水平和发展现代化农业等方面提出了深化调查成果的意见和方向。     

Lithostratigraphy, basin development, base metal deposits, and regional correlations of the Neoproterozoic Nguba and Kundelungu rock successions, central African Copperbelt

The Neoproterozoic Katangan Supergroup comprises a thick sedimentary rock succession subdivided into the Roan, Nguba, and Kundelungu Groups, from bottom to top. Deposition of both Nguba and Kundelungu Groups began with diamictites, the Mwale/Grand Conglomérat and Kyandamu/Petit Conglomérat Formations, respectively, correlated with the 750 Ma Sturtian and (supposedly) 620 Ma Marinoan/Varanger glacial events. The Kaponda, Kakontwe, Kipushi and Lusele Formations are interpreted as cap-carbonates overlying the diamictites. Petrographical features of the Nguba and Kundelungu siliciclastic rocks indicate a proximal facies in the northern areas and a basin open to the south. The carbonate deposits increase southward in the Nguba basin. In the southern region, the Kyandamu Formation contains clasts from the underlying rocks, indicating an exhumation and erosion of these rocks to the south of the basin. It is inferred that this formation deposited in a foreland basin, dating the inversion from extensional to compressional tectonics, and the northward thrusting. Sampwe and Biano sedimentary rocks were deposited in the northernmost foreland basin at the end of the thrusting. The Zn–Pb–Cu and Cu–Ag–Au epigenetic, hypogene deposits occurring in Nguba carbonates and Kundelungu clastic rocks probably originate from hydrothermal resetting and remobilization of pre-existing stratiform base metal mineralisations in the Roan Group.     

The Palaeozoic tectono-metallogenic evolution of the northern Tasman Fold Belt System, Australia: Interplay of subduction rollback and accretion

The Tasman Fold Belt System in eastern Australia provides a record of the Palaeozoic geological history and growth of the Australian continent along the proto-Pacific margin of Gondwana inboard of an extensive and long-lived subduction system. The Hodgkinson and Broken River provinces represent prominent geological elements of this system and together form the northern Tasman Fold Belt System. Geochronological age dating of the timing of gold formation in the Amanda Bel Goldfield in the Broken River Province and the Hodgkinson Goldfield in the Hodgkinson Province provides constraints on the occurrence of a deformation and mineralisation episode in the Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous. Integration of these newly-obtained data with petrogenetic constraints and a time–space evaluation of the geological evolution of the Hodgkinson and Broken River provinces, as well as other terranes in the northern Tasman Fold Belt System, allows for the development of a geodynamic model for the Palaeozoic evolution of the northern Tasman Fold Belt System. Our model indicates that three cycles of extension–contraction occurred during the Palaeozoic evolution of the northern Tasman Fold Belt System. Episodes of extension were controlled by rollback of the subduction system along the proto-Pacific margin of Gondwana, whereas episodes of contraction resulted from accretion following the arrival of positively buoyant segments (i.e., micro-continental blocks/oceanic plateaus) at the subducting trench.Our composite interpretative model on the geodynamic evolution of the northern Tasman Fold Belt System integrates the timing of the development of mineral deposits throughout this part of the system and provides a significant advancement in the understanding of Palaeozoic geodynamics along the margin of Gondwana in northeast Australia and allows comparison with the southern part of the Tasman Fold Belt System.     

Collision leading to multiple-stage large-scale extrusion in the Qinling orogen: Insights from the Mianlue suture

The geologic framework of the Phanerozoic Qinling–Dabie orogen was built up through two major suturing events of three blocks. From north to south these include the North China craton (including the north Qinling block), the Qinling–Dabie microblock, and the South China craton (including the Bikou block), separated by the Shangdan and Mianlue sutures. The Mianlue suture zone contains evidence for Mesozoic extrusion tectonics in the form of major strike–slip border faults surrounding basement blocks, a Late Paleozoic ophiolite and a ca. 240–200 Ma thrust belt that reformed by 200–150 Ma thrusts during A-type (intracontinental) subduction. The regional map pattern shows that the blocks are surrounded by complexly deformed Devonian to Early Triassic metasandstones and metapelites, forming a regional-scale block-in-matrix mélange fabric. Five distinct tectonic units have been recognized in the belt: (1) basement blocks including two types of Precambrian basement, crystalline and transitional; (2) continental margin slices including Early Paleozoic strata, and Late Paleozoic fluviodeltaic sedimentary rocks, proximal and distal fan clastics, reflecting the development of a north-facing rift margin on the edge of the South China plate; (3) out of sequence oceanic crustal slices including strongly deformed postrift, deep-water sedimentary rocks, sheeted dikes, basalts, and mafic–ultramafic cumulates of a Late Paleozoic ophiolite suite, developing independent of the rift margin in a separate basin; (4) out-of-sequence island-arc slices; (5) accretionary wedge slices. All the tectonic units were deformed during three geometrically distinct deformation episodes (D₁, D₂ and D₃ during 240–200 Ma). Units 2–4 involved southward thrusting and vertical then southward extrusion of about 20 km of horizontal displacement above the autochthonous basement during the D₁ episode. Thrust slices 20 km south of the Mianlue suture are related to this vertical extrusion due to the same rock assemblages, ages and kinematics. The D₂ and D₃ episodes folded all the units in a thick-skinned style about east–west (D₂) and west–northwest (D₃) axes in the Mianlue suture zone. An early foreland propagating sequence of accretion of Late Paleozoic rocks deposited above the Yangtze craton is not involved in D₁ deformation but is temporally equivalent to the D₂ and D₃ deformation in the Mianlue suture. Two stages of strike–slip faulting mainly occurred at the end of D₂ and D₃, respectively. During D₂ deformation, the Bikou block was obliquely indented to the ESE into the Mianlue suture, rather than being thrust over the Mianlue suture from the north as a part of the Qinling–Dabie microblock. During D₃ deformation, however, the Bikou block was bounded by the south boundary fault of the Mianlue suture, and the Yangpingguan fault on the south. These faults are coeval strike–slip faults, but of opposite senses, and accommodated minor southwestward extrusion of the Bikou block into Songpan–Ganze orogen. The other basement blocks north of the Mianlue suture were extruded eastward by about 20 km of lateral displacement, based on the offset of the Wudang dome, during the D₃ episode due to the northeastward indentation of the Hannan complex of the South China craton. Post-D₃ emplacement of granite, cutting across the strike–slip faults such as the Mianlue suture, provides a minimum age of 200 Ma for D₃ deformation. Therefore, based on insights from the evolution of the Mianlue suture, the D₂ and D₃ episodes in the Mianlue suture and its neighbors are not responsible for and associated with the two-stage extrusion of the Dabie UHP-HP terranes from the Foping dome to the present erosional surface (more than 350 km).     

The Mesoarchean emergence of modern-style subduction

Well-preserved volcanic sequences span the Paleoarchean to Neoarchean evolution of the Pilbara Craton, in northwestern Australia. This region provides the best physical evidence bearing on the stage of Earth's history when modern-style tectonic processes began. Paleoarchean assemblages in the eastern nucleus of the craton (the 3.51–3.24 Ga Pilbara Supergroup) show few features that can reasonably be interpreted as evidence for modern-style subduction processes. Incompatible trace element-enriched felsic volcanic horizons show geochemical evidence for the interaction between mafic magmas and crust, but this evidence, on its own, can equally well be interpreted in terms of either a subduction-enriched mantle source or local and limited assimilation of felsic crust into the voluminous tholeiitic magmas that dominate the Pilbara Supergroup. Viewed in context within the thick autochthonous and consistently upward-younging Pilbara Supergroup, these felsic units are most likely related to the same plume-dominated processes that formed the basalts that dominate the supergroup. It is very unlikely that modern-style plate tectonic processes played any role in the Paleoarchean evolution of the Pilbara Craton, although some form of non-uniformitarian (e.g. flat) subduction process may have operated.In stark contrast, the Mesoarchean units of the West Pilbara Terrane and the late-tectonic basins that cover that boundary between the West and East Pilbara Terranes, show clear evidence for modern-style convergent margin processes. Igneous rocks in this belt, which flanks the old eastern cratonic nuclei, have enriched geochemical signatures that cannot be accounted for by crustal contamination. This region is also characterised by a linear magmatic and structural fabric, by the presence of lithologically and geochronologically exotic belts, and by the presence of a broad belt of isotopically more juvenile crust. The collective strength of these arguments provides compelling evidence that a modern-style oceanic arc fringed the East Pilbara Terrane at 3.12 Ga and accreted to that terrane by 2.97 Ga. These assemblages mark the minimum age for the birth of modern-style plate subduction process.