Fishing capacity management in Taiwan: Experiences and prospects

Taiwan has developed its fisheries since the 1950s and become one of the major fishing nations in the high seas. Facing overcapacity and strong criticism by related Regional Fisheries Management Organizations, Taiwan did not only formulate lots of regulations to limit fishing capacity, but also spent around US$350 million from 1991 to 2008 to scrap 30% capacity of large scale longline fishing vessels and 18% of coastal fishing vessels. This study provides the insight that efficient use of budget and communication with fisherman, and coping with comprehensive stock assessment, would be the key issues in establishing a successful fishing capacity management.     

Simulation of freefall water entry of a finite wedge with flow detachment

A two-dimensional finite wedge entering water obliquely in freefall with three degrees of freedom is considered through the velocity potential theory for the incompressible liquid. The problem is solved by using the boundary element method in the time domain. The scheme of the stretched coordinate system is adopted at the initial stages when only a small part of the wedge near its tip has entered water. The auxiliary function method is adopted to decouple the nonlinear mutual dependence between the body motions in three degrees of freedom and the fluid flow. When the liquid has detached from the knuckle of the wedge, the free jet is treated through the momentum equation. The developed method is verified through existing results for one degree of freedom in vertical motion. Various case studies are undertaken for a wedge entering water vertically, obliquely and with rotational angles. Results are provided the accelerations, velocities, pressure distribution and free surface deformation, and the physical implications are discussed.     

全球-地方出口溢出效应对新企业进入出口市场的影响

出口增长是驱动中国经济发展的关键力量,新出口企业进入是出口增长的微观体现。新贸易理论认为集聚外部性带来的知识溢出是影响企业出口决策的关键因素。出口地、目的国维度的知识溢出均有利于企业获取必要的出口知识,降低进入出口市场的难度。演化经济地理理论强调认知邻近是出口溢出发挥作用的前提,出口地、目的国维度的出口经验、产品关联是出口溢出的主要内容。论文利用2002—2011年中国海关贸易数据库,分析出口地、目的国溢出对新企业进入出口市场的作用。结果发现：① 出口溢出可以显著提升新出口企业进入概率,私营企业更倾向于进入出口溢出更强的出口地、目的国市场;② 出口溢出对跟随型企业,特别是本土跟随型企业进入的促进作用更强,国有集体企业更强调整体出口经验溢出,私营企业更强调产品知识溢出;③ 出口地溢出有利于新出口企业拓展到新目的国,目的国溢出有利于新出口企业拓展到新产品。论文完善了出口企业空间动态研究,拓展了出口溢出对出口决策作用的空间维度,也有助于深化对中国贸易空间的理解。     

Computation of three-phase capillary entry pressures and arc menisci configurations in pore geometries from 2D rock images: A combinatorial approach

We present a semi-analytical, combinatorial approach to compute three-phase capillary entry pressures for gas invasion into pore throats with constant cross-sections of arbitrary shapes that are occupied by oil and/or water. For a specific set of three-phase capillary pressures, geometrically allowed gas/oil, oil/water and gas/water arc menisci are determined by moving two circles in opposite directions along the pore/solid boundary for each fluid pair such that the contact angle is defined at the front circular arcs. Intersections of the two circles determine the geometrically allowed arc menisci for each fluid pair. The resulting interfaces are combined systematically to allow for all geometrically possible three-phase configuration changes. The three-phase extension of the Mayer and Stowe – Princen method is adopted to calculate capillary entry pressures for all determined configuration candidates, from which the most favorable gas invasion configuration is determined. The model is validated by comparing computed three-phase capillary entry pressures and corresponding fluid configurations with analytical solutions in idealized triangular star-shaped pores. It is demonstrated that the model accounts for all scenarios that have been analyzed previously in these shapes. Finally, three-phase capillary entry pressures and associated fluid configurations are computed in throat cross-sections extracted from segmented SEM images of Bentheim sandstone. The computed gas/oil capillary entry pressures account for the expected dependence of oil/water capillary pressure in spreading and non-spreading fluid systems at the considered wetting conditions. Because these geometries are irregular and include constrictions, we introduce three-phase displacements that have not been identified previously in pore-network models that are based on idealized pore shapes. However, in the limited number of pore geometries considered in this work, we find that the favorable displacements are not generically different from those already encountered in network models previously, except that the size and shape of oil layers that are surrounded by gas and water are described more realistically. The significance of the results for describing oil connectivity in porous media accurately can only be evaluated by including throats with more complex cross-sections in three-phase pore-network models.     

Geomechanical evaluation of a coal mine arched entry

Summary In an effort to minimize cutter roof failures in longwall development entries of a West Virginia coal mine, a three-entry system was developed with the center entry arched into the strata above the coal seam. The purpose of the arched entry was to modify the horizontal stress envelope associated with the three-entry system and improve roof conditions in the adjacent outside entries.Contrary to the predictions of elastic analyses, the presence of the arched entry improved roof conditions by eliminating cutter roof failures in the outside entries.In situ stress determinations and numerical modeling techniques were employed to quantify the impact of the arch and investigate the mechanism of stress relief associated with the arched entry. Stress determinations and underground observations indicated that the roofs of the outside entries were within the zone of stress relief generated by the arch, and that failure or movement along bedding plane discontinuities played a major role in the formation of the stress relieved zone. The numerical model incorporated horizontal joints to simulate bedding plane discontinuities. The properties of the joints were adjusted until roof stresses predicted by the model were in agreement with measured stress profiles. This process resulted in a calibrated analytical tool that could be used to evaluate alternate mining geometries.     

基于EPS下的1∶10000图的图库一体化成图

1∶10 000比例尺的局基本任务已由图面入库两套数据资料发展成为图库一体化的数据资料。在方便作业的同时,更加方便资料的储存及查询等工作。文章主要对于EPS平台下1∶10 000图的数据编辑、数据入库工作以及数据质检工作进行简单论述。     

轨检小车测量系统设计数据录入及模拟调整

轨道精密调整工作的主要内容是采用高精度全站仪配合轨检小车,对轨道静态几何参数及轨道的几何位置参数进行采集,并给出轨道调整量,以指导轨道精调施工。在一些相关的轨检小车说明书及工程论文中,对轨检小车的外业操作作业方法及注意事项描述较多,对轨检小车测量系统的设计数据录入及模拟调整等内容描述则较为简略。文中以南方高速铁路轨道检测系统为例,简述高速铁路轨道精调工作中轨检小车测量系统的设计数据录入及模拟调整的具体操作方法和相关的注意事项。     

Numerical simulation of oblique water entry of an asymmetrical wedge

The hydrodynamic problem of a two-dimensional asymmetrical wedge entering calm water obliquely at constant speed is analyzed based on the velocity potential theory. The gravity effect on the flow is ignored based on the assumption that the ratio of the entry speed to the acceleration due to gravity is much larger than the time scale of interest. The problem of this similarity flow is solved by a boundary element method together with an analytical solution for the jet based on the shallow water approximation. Various results are provided for the wave elevation, pressure distribution and force at different deadrise angles and at different oblique entry. The effects of asymmetry and horizontal speed on these results are investigated.     

Huygens HASI servo accelerometer: A review and lessons learned

The servo accelerometer constituted a vital part of the Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (HASI): flown aboard the Huygens probe, it operated successfully during the probe's entry, descent, and landing on Titan, on 14th January 2005. This paper reviews the Servo accelerometer, starting from its development/assembly in the mid-1990s, to monitoring its technical performance through its seven-year long in-flight (or cruise) journey, and finally its performance in measuring acceleration (or deceleration) upon encountering Titan's atmosphere.The aim of this article is to review the design, ground tests, in-flight tests and operational performance of the Huygens servo accelerometer. Techniques used for data analysis and lessons learned that may be useful for accelerometry payloads on future planetary missions are also addressed.The main finding of this review is that the conventional approach of having multiple channels to cover a very broad measurement range: from 10⁻⁶g to the order of 10g (where g=Earth's surface gravity, 9.8 m/s²), with on-board software deciding which of the channels to telemeter depending on the magnitude of the measured acceleration, works well. However, improvements in understanding the potential effects of the sensor drifts and ageing on the measurements can be achieved in future missions by monitoring the ‘scale factor’—a measure of such sensors’ sensitivity, along with the already implemented monitoring of the sensor's offset during the in-flight phase.     

Reconstruction of the trajectory of the Huygens probe using the Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (HASI)

The Huygens probe returned scientific measurements from the atmosphere and surface of Titan on 14 January 2005. Knowledge of the trajectory of Huygens is necessary for scientific analysis of those measurements. We use measurements from the Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (HASI) to reconstruct the trajectory of Huygens during its mission. The HASI Accelerometer subsystem measured the axial acceleration of the probe with errors of 3E−6 m s⁻², the most accurate measurements ever made by an atmospheric structure instrument on another planetary body. The atmosphere was detected at an altitude of 1498 km. Measurements of the normal acceleration of the probe, which are important for determining the probe's attitude during hypersonic entry, were significantly less accurate and limited by transverse sensitivity of the piezo sensors. Peak acceleration of 121.2 m s⁻² occurred at 234.9 km altitude. The parachute deployment sequence started at 157.1 km and a speed of 342.1 m s⁻¹. Direct measurements of pressure and temperature began shortly afterwards. The measured accelerations and equations of motion have been used to reconstruct the trajectory prior to parachute deployment. Measured pressures and temperatures, together with the equation of hydrostatic equilibrium and the equation of state, have been used to reconstruct the trajectory after parachute deployment. Uncertainties in the entry state of Huygens at the top of the atmosphere are significant, but can be reduced by requiring that the trajectory and atmospheric properties be continuous at parachute deployment.