GIS空间分析模型的建立

GIS的发展已有了30年的历史,在此期间人们的注意力多集中于空间数据结构及计算机制图方面,有关空间分析的问题尚不突出,但在今天,对于空间数据结构的研究已相对成熟,计算机制产了达到了实用化水平,实用的软件以及实际的系统均有计多成功的实例,因此系统的空间的空间分析功能就成为人们倍加关注的热点,可以认为,GIS的发展已从数据库型GIS进入分析型GIS的阶段。本文正是基于此,对空间分析的方法作了理论上的探讨,提出了按处理对象（图像,数据,事件）的不同来相应开发GIS软件的通用型,专用型空间分析模型,并分别采取“内嵌”或“外挂”的途径予以结合。最后以电力GIS中不同空间分析模型不同的建立方法为例,说明此咱分类方法可有效的解决时间,资金与人力资源的矛盾,具有很高的实用价值。     

Scenario of the January 1997 West Bohemia Earthquake Swarm

In order to learn more about the nature of the dynamic processes taking place in the West Bohemia/Vogtland earthquake swarm region, we investigated the temporal and spatial variations of the source mechanisms of the January 1997 swarm beneath Nový Kostel (NKC). Visual analyses of WEBNET seismograms of over 800 events revealed that a specific feature of this swarm was the occurrence of eight classes of multiplet events. The result of single-source, absolute moment tensor inversion of the P and SH peak amplitudes of a subset of 70 events representing all multiplet classes indicated that eight statistically significant types of mechanisms occurred during the swarm. Two of them, types A and B in our denotation, comprised all M _L 1.3 events and predominated in the swarm. Type A were pure strike-slip mechanisms or strike-slip mechanisms containing a small normal component, with a nearly pure double-couple source. For class B events, oblique-thrust faulting and non-double-couple components significant at a fairly high confidence level were typical. Type A events predominated in the southern subcluster of the swarm, whereas most of type B events occurred in the subcluster northwards from NKC. This indicates that two major seismogenic planes were active during the swarm. The swarm essentially developed in four phases: in the first, type A events prevailed and the southern plane was active; during the second, characterised by the occurrence of both type A and B events (the former in the southern, the latter predominantly in the northern subcluster), the activity of the swarm culminated; in the third and fourth, the occurrence of type B events in the northern plane predominated, and only weak single events occurred southwards from NKC. Mechanisms of types AB , C , D , E , F and G , which were typical for M _L 1.2 events, occurred randomly throughout the swarm. Type AB events were identified in both the southern and northern clusters, type C , E , F and G mechanisms only southwards from NKC. Type D events exhibited a large scatter of hypocentres which fell in neither the southern nor the northern cluster. Focal mechanisms like those reported in this study and with analogous temporal and spatial variations were observed by other authors already fifteen years ago in the 1985/86 earthquake swarm and may, therefore, be typical for the region under study.     

World cities and territorial states under conditions of contemporary globalization II: Looking forward, looking ahead

The influence of globalization on the future study of political geography is investigated through research on world cities. It is argued that political geography, like most social science, has been excessively state-centric in its organisation and that this will not help in understanding new transnational processes within contemporary globalization. Study of the state should not be abandoned, of course, but it must be set in a new context where much politics takes place beyond the state. This is illustrated through using the world city network as an alternative spatial framework to the world political map. The political geography of the twenty first century will have to incorporate traditional concern for political areas with new concerns for power networks in more subtle geographies than heretofore.     

类星体3C 286的一个早期VLBI观测结果

利用基于自校正和ＣＬＥＡＮ算法的现代ＶＬＢＩ混合成图技术,对Ｐｅａｒｓｏｎ等人于１９７６年观测得到的类星体 ３Ｃ ２８６在 １８ ｃｍ波段上的 ＶＬＢＩ数据重新作了处理．由此得到的图像要大大好于最初的处理结果,也获得了更多的有用信息．用几个Ｇａｕｓｓ模型去拟合校正后的ＵＶ数据,发现中央亮区可以被分解为两个致密结构,这与后来的高分辨率观测相一致．与不同历元的ＶＬＢＩ观测结果相比较,发现这两个致密结构间的距离不但在同一时间随观测频率变化,而且很有可能在同一观测频率上随时间变化．     

大陆玄武岩原始水含量的测定及其对源区组分的制约

理解大陆板内玄武岩的源区组成和成因是认识地幔动力学过程和化学不均一性的重要途径。由于不同地幔端员具有不同的水含量及水与其它不相容元素的比值(如H2O/Ce),原始水含量的测定对于认识玄武岩的源区组成将会提供新的信息。玄武岩玻璃和斑晶中的熔体包裹体是获得海洋玄武岩原始水含量的主要样品,但是不适合于大陆玄武岩,因为大陆玄武岩玻璃由于强烈的去气作用不能反映真实水含量,而大陆玄武岩斑晶中的熔体包裹体少而小,不易获得足量、准确的数据。本文介绍一种最近发展起来的推断大陆玄武岩原始水含量的方法,即利用红外光谱测定玄武岩中单斜辉石斑晶的水含量,然后结合水在单斜辉石与玄武质熔体中的分配系数来反演与斑晶平衡的熔体水含量,进而估计原始玄武质岩浆的水含量。文中详细叙述了方法的适用性、误差的估计以及具体的操作流程,并通过东北双辽和华北太行山新生代玄武岩的研究实例,展示了玄武岩水含量对于源区组成的有力制约。     

铜仁市地热水水化学类型及主要组分成因分析

铜仁市地热水水化学类型主要有HCO3-Ca、HCO3-Ca·Mg、HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg、SO4·HCO3-Ca、SO4-Ca、HCO3·Cl-Ca·Na、HCO3-Na和SO4·Cl-Ca·Na型8种类型;研究表明:铜仁市地热水的水化学成分受所溶滤围岩矿物组成控制,浅部循环的地热水常为重碳酸根型水,随着水流深度的增加,水化学组成由重碳酸根型、经重碳酸根—硫酸根和硫酸根—重碳酸根型水逐渐向硫酸根型转化;当地热水继续沿深大断裂向下进入深部带,并通过粘土类岩石时,易溶解的氯化物盐类逐渐增加,水化学特征由硫酸根型向硫酸根—氯型、氯—硫酸根型转化;通过对铜仁市地热水的主要组分进行相关性统计,分析地热水中主要组分的形成原因。     

Parameterizations of surface radiation in the semiarid grasslands of Inner Mongolia under clear-sky conditions using MODIS data

A set of improved and efficient radiation parameterization schemes for surface radiation balance components under clear- sky conditions was developed by using general surface measurements and MODIS data. The set of schemes was then adapted for regions similar to the present study sites under different grazing intensities and varying degrees of drought in the semiarid grasslands of Inner Mongolia. Specifically, we mainly improved two schemes for estimating downward shortwave and longwave radiation at the surface, which could be applied to regions with certain degrees of drought. The validation datasets were from ground-based observations at various grazing sites during the growing season （May to September） of different drought years, 2005 and 2006. Through comparisons of parameterized versus measured radiation values, the increased or modified factors in the original schemes demonstrated improved estimation accuracy, and the rationalities of input parameters and variables were analyzed. The regional instantaneous net radiation estimations had root-mean-square errors of less than 30 W m-2 compared with ground measurements at the sites during the study period. The statistical results showed the improved schemes are suitable for estimating surface net radiation in regional semiarid areas during the growing season. Analyses of the sensitivity of the schemes to corresponding variables were conducted to ascertain the major error sources of the schemes and potential variables for improving the performance of the schemes in agreement with observations.     

不同频率对埋入式压电陶瓷辐射声波的影响

不同频率激励埋入式压电陶瓷,辐射声波的声压、声强和指向性不同。为提高超声无损检测的精度,正确选用激励频率十分重要。通过ANSYS软件对埋入式压电陶瓷进行有限元分析,得到在20~100kHz频率范围内不同振动模态对应的固定频率,使用所得频率对压电陶瓷进行激励,分析不同频率激励压电陶瓷辐射超声波的影响,选定最佳固定频率。结果表明在20~100kHz频率范围内,共有14个振动模态,9个振动模态的振幅达到极值,声压随频率的增大逐渐增强,当频率达到79.666kHz时为最大值,而后逐渐衰减,且在67.301~84.895kHz频段内变化十分迅速。     

基于DCT分层结构的遥感图像分级多描述编码算法

多媒体及网络技术的快速发展使遥感图像的实时传输成为可能。近年来,多描述编码机制作为一种有效克服不可靠信道传输时遥感图像降质的可选方案而受到关注。本文将多描述编码与图像质量可分级编码机制相结合,提出一种基于DCT分层结构的遥感图像分级多描述编码方案,将包含图像细节信息的增强层通过下采样形成多个描述,并将包含图像关键信息的基本层作为冗余引入到每个描述中,保证了在解码端获取遥感图像基本层信息的最大可能性。此外,方案中对描述中的基本层信息进行了独立嵌入式编码,可方便对其进行有效的信道传输保护,提高传输码流的稳健性。本文编码方案具有计算复杂度低、描述间的冗余度方便控制和编码码流具有嵌入式等特性。实验结果验证了方案的有效性。     

寿山石的成矿地质条件和矿物组成

长期研究表明,寿山石的成矿地质条件主要受地层、构造、火山机构和火山成矿等综合作用控制。寿山石的矿物成分主要为地开石、高岭石和叶蜡石。因寿山石的成矿地质条件、矿物组成和产出部位的不同,形成色彩绚丽、命名异样、品种繁多、分类殊异。但通常以其成因、产状和历史传统分为田坑石、山坑石和水坑石三类。为便于识别、研究和讨论,将寿山石的主要品种及其特征一并简介。