台风螺旋雨带云结构和降水形成机制研究

应用数值模式结果,选择台风登陆后两个不同时次螺旋雨带中两个强降水中心,对台风螺旋雨带的云结构和降水形成机制进行诊断分析.结果发现螺旋雨带云结构和降水形成机制有如下特点:在9～13 km高空范围内冰晶的非均质核化非常活跃,冰晶转化率高于台风眼壁暴雨数倍,但是冰晶通过贝吉龙过程生长为雪、雪通过凝华增长生长为霰的过程相对台风眼壁很弱,螺旋雨带雨水形成微物理机制以霰粒子融化成雨水(pgmlt)为主,冰相粒子转化率大值区位于垂直上升气流大值区,8 km高度霰收集雪(dgacs)干增长是最主要的冰相粒子生长过程,与北方层状云比较,螺旋雨带暴雨冷云中的凝华过程和撞冻过程非常活跃.螺旋雨带云水凝结过程呈双峰型,位于7～8 km高度冷云区的云水凝结峰值较大,暖云区0.5～1.5 km高度云水凝结峰值次之.     

低层偏南气流对一次暴雨过程的动力作用分析和数值模拟

利用常规观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,对2010年7月22-25日四川盆地西部出现的一次暴雨过程进行了诊断分析.结果表明:暴雨出现在对流层低层南海至四川盆地一直维持偏南气流的环流背景下,暴雨与这支偏南气流的风速演变密切相关,降雨强度随南风气流的增强而增强,南风气流增强所形成的风速辐合及正涡度平流是暴雨的主要动力触发因子,暴雨与低层辐合和正涡度平流区域有很好的对应关系.WRF数值模拟试验进一步表明:850 hPa层3h风速演变对中尺度对流系统的发展具有很好的指示意义,在3h风速增大区域的下风方,未来3h对流云团将迅速发展;盆地西部形成的气流辐合与其西侧的高原地形密切相关.     

对流云盐粉催化的数值模拟研究

利用三维对流云盐粉催化模式对一次对流云降水进行了盐粉催化模拟试验。模式中考虑了盐粉与云雨滴和冰相粒子间的相互作用。模拟结果显示,当采用20μm粒径的盐粉进行单次催化时,催化效果较好,地面总雨量可增加20%,催化次数的增多会导致降水的减少。霰融化成雨是雨滴增长的主要机制,霰碰并过冷云水是霰增长的主要机制,催化后霰融化成雨和霰碰并过冷云水的速率均有提高。催化会引起水成物云滴、冰晶、霰和雨滴的比质量变化。霰和云滴的粒径也在催化后出现了明显的增大。催化后短时间内动力过程出现了变化。     

利用WRF-Chem模拟研究京津冀地区夏季大气污染物的分布和演变

应用WRF—Chem（Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Chemistry）模式模拟研究了2007年8月京津冀地区近地面O3、NO2、PM2.5浓度的时空变化特征,将模拟结果与观测数据进行详细对比,结果表明,模式可以较好地模拟O3、PM2.5,浓度的空间分布和时间变化特征,成功再现了8月33和PM2.5的几次积累增加过程,其中O,的模拟值与观测值的相关系数为0．69～0．86,PM2.5的相关系数为0．44～0．49,但模式对NO2的模拟相对较差,相关系数为0．27～0．43。北京、天津地区为O3月均低值区,月均体积浓度约30×10^-9,渤海及京津冀以西地区O3月平均体积浓度可达60×10^-9;PM2,呈现南高北低的分布特征,变化范围为120～240μg／m3。14时月平均03体积浓度在北京、天津地区低于周边地区,约为60×10^-9;而PM2.5质量浓度在环渤海地区和河北南部较高,为100～120μg/m^3。8月17日北京出现一次典型的高浓度O,污染事件,14时北京地区温度达到33℃,O3体积浓度为80×10^-9～110×10^-9。在局地排放、化学反应和外来输送的共同作用下,渤海西岸和北岸PM2.5的质量浓度超过120μg／m3,其中二次气溶胶质量浓度为50～100μg／m3,一次排放人为气溶胶质量浓度为10～20μg／m3,海盐质量浓度为1～7μg／m3,二次气溶胶是该地区PM2.5的主要贡献者。     

不同分辨率CCSM4对东亚和中国气候模拟能力分析

本文利用通用气候系统模式CCSM4在三种水平分辨率下的工业化革命前期气候模拟试验,结合观测和再分析资料,比较了各分辨率下模式对中国温度和降水、东亚海平面气压和850 hPa风场的模拟能力,综合评价了模式分辨率对东亚和中国气候模拟的影响.结果表明,三种分辨率对中国温度均具有很好的模拟能力,除春季外,低分辨率(T31,约3.75°×3.75°)对全年温度的模拟能力均要稍好于中(f19,约1.9°×2.5°)、高(f09,约0.9°×1.25°)分辨率;各分辨率对中国降水的模拟能力远不如温度,除冬季外全年都出现的中部地区虚假降水并未因为模式分辨率提高而得到本质改善;对于东亚海平面气压场,低分辨率在冬季模拟能力相对最好,中等分辨率在夏季相对较好,而高分辨率的模拟能力均表现最差;低分辨率对850 hPa东亚冬季风和夏季风的模拟能力均要好于中、高分辨率,而两种较高分辨率的模拟能力则比较接近.总的来说,低分辨率CCSM4在东亚和中国气候模拟中表现出了较大优势,加之其计算代价小,适合进行需要较长时间积分的气候模拟研究.     

Steric sea level change in twentieth century historical climate simulation and IPCC-RCP8.5 scenario projection: A comparison of two versions of FGOALS model

To reveal the steric sea level change in 20th century historical climate simulations and future climate change projections under the IPCC’s Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario, the results of two versions of LASG/IAP’s Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model (FGOALS) are analyzed. Both models reasonably reproduce the mean dynamic sea level features, with a spatial pattern correlation coefficient of 0.97 with the observation. Characteristics of steric sea level changes in the 20th century historical climate simulations and RCP8.5 scenario projections are investigated. The results show that, in the 20th century, negative trends covered most parts of the global ocean. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, global-averaged steric sea level exhibits a pronounced rising trend throughout the 21st century and the general rising trend appears in most parts of the global ocean. The magnitude of the changes in the 21st century is much larger than that in the 20th century. By the year 2100, the global-averaged steric sea level anomaly is 18 cm and 10 cm relative to the year 1850 in the second spectral version of FGOALS (FGOALS-s2) and the second grid-point version of FGOALS (FGOALS-g2), respectively. The separate contribution of the thermosteric and halosteric components from various ocean layers is further evaluated. In the 20th century, the steric sea level changes in FGOALS-s2 (FGOALS-g2) are largely attributed to the thermosteric (halosteric) component relative to the pre-industrial control run. In contrast, in the 21st century, the thermosteric component, mainly from the upper 1000 m, dominates the steric sea level change in both models under the RCP8.5 scenario. In addition, the steric sea level change in the marginal sea of China is attributed to the thermosteric component.     

The impact of ecosystem functional type changes on the La Plata Basin climate

In this paper, the effects of land cover changes on the climate of the La Plata Basin in southern South America are investigated using the Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) Model configured on a 30/10km two-way interactive nested grid. To assess the regional climate changes resulting from land surface changes, the standard land cover types are replaced by time-varying Ecosystem Functional Types (EFTs), which is a newly devised land-cover classification that characterizes the spatial and interannual variability of surface vegetation dynamics. These variations indicate that natural and anthropogenic activities have caused changes in the surface physical parameters of the basin, such as albedo and roughness length, that contributed to regional climate changes. EFTs are obtained from functional attributes of vegetation computed from properties of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to represent patches of the land surface with homogeneous energy and gas exchanges with the atmosphere. Four simulations are conducted, each experimental period ranging from September to November in two contrasting years, 1988 and 1998. The influence of an identical EFT change on the surface heat fluxes, 2-m temperature and humidity, 10-m winds, convective instabilities and large-scale moisture fluxes and precipitation are explored for 1988 (a dry year) and 1998 (a wet year). Results show that the surface and atmospheric climate has a larger response to the same EFT changes in a dry year for 2-m temperature and 10-m wind; the response is larger in a wet year for 2-m water vapor mixing ratio, convective available potential energy, vertically integrated moisture fluxes and surface precipitation. For EFTs with high productivity and a weak seasonal cycle, the nearsurface temperature during the spring of 1988 and 1998 increased by as much as 1℃ in the central and western portions of La Plata Basin. Additionally, for higher productivity EFTs, precipitation differences were generally positive in both dry and wet years, although the patterns are not uniform and exhibit certain patchiness with drier conditions.     

Clean development mechanism: leverage for development?

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to show that the investments through the clean development mechanism (CDM) can exert a leverage effect to (i) make attractive to developing countries non-binding commitments and the adoption of national policies and measures; this comes as a guarantee of non-conditionally of the mechanism to strictly environmental concerns and (ii) create a flow of additional investments and technological transfer from Annex B countries to non-Annex B countries.

The Indian power sector has been chosen as an example of a sector where institutional barriers, market imperfections, and tariff distortions create a great space for Pareto improvements and leave an important potential for no-regret measures: technological transfer, air conditioned systems, transport infrastructures and removal of subsidies on consumption.

This paper presents a micro-economic formalisation on (i) the evolution of profitability of current emitting technologies used in the power sector under the adoption of national policies and measures and (ii) the impact on renewable energy technologies competitiveness of emission credits in the context of CDM. This formalisation has been developed to enable quantitative simulation. A first exercise using the Markal model (used in 77 countries) on the electric sector in India enabled us to simulate the leverage effect of emission credits on additional incomes taken as a proxy for development.     

Low velocity shock-cloud encounters I.

Shocks propagating in the interstellar medium (ISM) play an important role in the life of molecular clouds. Through a theoretical study of interaction between clouds and shocks we can understand, for example, the density distribution of observed molecular clouds and the first steps of star formation. The only way to study of interaction in detail is via a numerical hydrodynamical simulation. In this paper we present the first results of a hydrocode which is able to follow the processes after the collision between the cloud and shock front.Our main theoretical result is that the chemical processes (e.g. H₂ dissociation) can affect the dynamical processes significantly. Global parameters of the cloud are calculated for the comparision of the simulation and the observations.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF INTERANNUAL AND INTERDECADAL VARIABILITY OF SURFACE WIND OVER THE TROPICAL PACIFIC

A global atmospheric general circulation model (L9R15 AGCMs) forced by COADS SST was integrated from 1945 to 1993. Interannual and interdecadal variability of the simulated surface wind over the tropical Pacific was analyzed and shown to agree vey well with observation. Simulation of surface wind over the central-western equatorial Pacific was more successful than that over the eastern Pacific. Zonal propagating feature of interannual variability of the tropical Pacific wind anomalies and its decadal difference were also simulated successfully. The close agreement between simulation and observation on the existence of obvious interdecadal variability of tropical Pacific surface wind attested to the high simulation capability of AGCM.