华北陆块南部熊耳群火山岩的地球化学特征与成因

分布于华北陆块南部的熊耳群火山岩由玄武质到流纹质火山岩组成,并以玄武安山岩、安山岩为主,次为英安-流纹岩,SiO2=62％±的岩石较少,显示双峰特点。中基性熔岩的主要造岩矿物是辉石和斜长石,没有角闪石和黑云母,表明熊耳群火山岩形成于相对无水的环境。岩石地球化学上的显著特点是,富K2O、FeO,低Al2O3、MgO、CaO;富含大离子亲石元素(LILE,如K、Rb、Ba)和轻稀土元素(LREE),相对亏损高场强元素(HFSE,Nb、Ta、Ti),表现出岛弧型火山岩的地球化学亲合性。文中详细的岩石地球化学证据表明,熊耳群火山岩具有岛弧型地球化学特征的主要原因是其地幔源区遭受俯冲带组分的改造,而岩浆在上升到地表的过程中混染地壳物质是次要的。基于熊耳群及下伏结晶基底的地质学和地球化学特征,表明熊耳群形成于夭折的三叉裂谷环境,推断俯冲带组分的改造和富集事件发生在华北陆块南部古元古代大陆壳的形成和 拼贴过程中,由于洋壳和地壳物质再循环到上地幔中,使陆下岩石圈地幔源区富集LILE、LREE并亏损HFSE。熊耳期岩浆作用正是源于这样的保留有早期俯冲带组分改造特征的陆下岩石圈富集地幔。     

南极中山站大气气溶胶的化学组成及其来源的判别

从1998年3月7日至1999年11月23日历时21个月，在南极中山站连续采集89个海洋气溶胶样品，本文提供全部样品的13种化学元素Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Fe、Al、Mn、Cr、V、K、Na、Ca、Mg含量的实测值．研究表明中山站气溶胶化学成份的含量具有季节性变化的特征．通过相关分析、因子分析、富集因子等方法判别不同时间段中山站气溶胶化学成份的来源。     

Channel precipitation dynamics in a forested Pennsylvania headwater catchment (USA)

Seasonal and event variations in stream channel area and the contributions of channel precipitation to stream flow were studied on a 106‐ha forested headwater catchment in central Pennsylvania. Variations in stream velocity, flowing stream surface width and widths of near‐stream saturated areas were periodically monitored at 61 channel transects over a two‐year period. The area of flowing stream surface and near‐stream saturated zones combined, ranged from 0·07% of basin area during summer low flows to 0·60% of total basin area during peak storm flows. Near‐stream saturated zones generally represented about half of the total channel area available to intercept throughfall and generate channel precipitation. Contributions of routed channel precipitation from the flowing stream surface and near‐stream zones, calculated using the Penn State Runoff Model (PSRM, v. 95), represented from 1·1 to 6·4% of total stream flow and 2·5–29% of total storm flow (stream flow–antecedent baseflow) during the six events. Areas of near‐stream saturated zones contributed 35–52% of the computed channel precipitation during the six events. Channel precipitation contributed a higher percentage of stream flow for events with low antecedent baseflow when storm flow generated by subsurface sources was relatively low. Expansion of channel area and consequent increases in volumes of channel precipitation with flow increases during events was non‐linear, with greater rates of change occurring at lower than at higher discharge rates. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于高密度电阻率法的土体干缩裂隙动态发育过程精细监测研究

土体在气候作用下发育干缩裂隙是一种常见的自然现象,裂隙的存在会极大弱化土体的工程性质,诱发许多岩土与地质工程问题。为了实时掌握黏性土中干缩裂隙网络的发展状态,提出了一套基于高密度电阻率层析成像技术（ERT）的土体干缩裂隙动态发展过程精细监测方法。分别开展模型试验及原位试验,利用自行研制的测定系统持续采集电流-电位差数据,随后利用自行开发的有限元法电阻率层析成像（FemERT）系统进行数据处理,获取了裂隙网络在不同发育阶段的空间分布特征。结果表明：（1）ERT可以实现土体裂隙发育过程的精细监测,具备监测三维裂隙网络几何形态的能力,裂隙宽度的识别精度达到毫米级,裂隙深度的识别精度达到厘米级;（2）ERT的感度分布特征解释了裂隙发育对于土体电阻率的影响规律,测定电阻值时程曲线因裂隙产生位置的不同而呈现不同的变化规律;（3）反演电阻率及其相对变化率（Rev）可以直观表征裂隙网络在不同阶段的空间几何形态,凸显裂隙动态发育过程对于土体导电性的影响。     

桂林甑皮岩洞穴遗址地下水示踪及污染来源分析

桂林甑皮岩遗址周围地带地下水中污染物的种类及来源复杂。为了查明地下水系统的结构特征,分析地下水的污染物运移路径和追溯污染源,采用在线高分辨率示踪技术与人工采样相结合的方法。选取荧光素钠和罗丹明B两种示踪剂,在桂林甑皮岩遗址周围进行了三次示踪试验。根据试验结果分析地下水流场,计算地下水平均流速。结果表明地下水流速在1.6~33.91 m/d,平均值为12.92 m/d。流场内岩溶以溶蚀裂隙为主,且裂隙发育呈网络式,存在西北向东南方向的主径流带,但大型岩溶管道存在的可能性小。三次示踪试验结果均显示,投放点所在的污染源区与遗址周围地下水存在水力联系,因此,遗址附近的居民小区、学校、原砖厂等污染源对遗址下部的地下水存在潜在污染,需更大程度地划分遗址的保护范围。特别是甑皮岩景区化粪池密闭情况较差,严重危害遗址环境,必须对化粪池进行防渗处理。      

崖南凹陷Y1井崖三段煤系烃源岩发育规律

基于Y1井煤系烃源岩样品微量元素分析、煤岩显微组分及热解测试结果,结合小波分析的米氏旋回划分结果,系统研究了崖南凹陷Y1井崖三段煤系烃源岩特征及发育规律。研究表明:①以104和260尺度结合岩芯沉积序列及地球化学测试结果,将崖三段划分为2个中期和5个短期米氏旋回,垂向上表现为旋回厚度及烃源岩比例向上增大的趋势,中期旋回上部为烃源岩优势发育层位,其中ⅠA2、ⅠA3和ⅠB2为煤系烃源岩发育的优势旋回;②煤系烃源岩有机显微组分表现为富镜质组、贫惰质组、贫壳质组+腐泥组,镜质组含量为44%~100%,平均为83%,以基质镜质体及镜屑体为主,烃源岩类型以Ⅲ型（腐殖型）有机质为主,少量为Ⅱ₂型（腐泥-腐殖型）有机质,烃源岩以产气为主,其成熟度较低,R_o值平均为1.12%,处于生烃阶段初期;③煤系烃源岩发育受多种因素控制,其中断陷盆地向坳陷盆地的转化时期是成煤的关键构造时期、强烈进积作用使得煤系烃源岩保存不全、区域海平面上升时期是成煤的关键时期、短期旋回小波曲线右偏拐点处为煤系烃源岩相对发育层位。     

Interrelation among several important links in seismic risk analysis

Introduction In the probability analysis method of seismic risk considering time-space inhomogeneity of seismic activity and adopted commonly in China (State Seismological Bureau, 1996) (called in-homogeneous distribution model for short), the division of seismic statistical regions, delimitation of potential seismic sources and estimation of seismicity parameters are the main links that affect significantly the estimation of ground motion parameters of a site. HUANG and WU (2005) studied …     

利用三维高斯射线束成像进行地震定位

常规的地震定位方法通常需要拾取地震记录的初至,当初至不明显或被较高水平的噪声淹没时精度较低.本文采用基于三维高斯射线束的偏移成像方法对震源进行定位,较好地解决了该问题.通过三维高斯射线束对台站记录进行偏移归位,并将各台站成像结果的交点作为地震能量释放的中心位置;当各台站成像结果不能交于一点时,采用三维空间高斯滤波方法可实现震源位置的自动获取.提出的变网格计算方案极大地减少了计算量,显著地提高了成像精度和计算效率.利用首都圈地震台网数据,对涿鹿、滦县以及房山三个地震事件进行试算,结果表明:基于变网格三维高斯束偏移成像的地震定位方法自动化程度很高,而且具有较好的抗噪能力,特别适合处理低信噪比资料的地震定位问题.     

利用数字遥感图像研究长白山天池火山近代喷发规模

利用LandsatTM、ERS - 1SAR遥感图像资料 ,结合地质考察、测年资料 ,采用多源数据融合技术 ,运用GIS、正交小波变换、人工神经元网络 ,对图像进行了分类 ,研究了长白山天池火山近代喷发规模及喷发物分布特点 ,为火山灾害评价提供了重要依据     

Numerical modelling of aeolian erosion over a surface with non‐uniformly distributed roughness elements

The present study is focused on the analysis of the mean wall friction velocity on a surface including roughness elements exposed to a turbulent boundary layer. These roughness elements represent non‐erodible particles over an erodible surface of an agglomeration of granular material on industrial sites. A first study has proposed a formulation that describes the evolution of the friction velocity as a function of geometrical parameters and cover rate with different uniform roughness distributions. The present simulations deal with non‐uniform distributions of particles with a random sampling of diameters, heights, positions and arrangements. The evolution (relative to geometrical parameters of the roughness elements) of the friction velocity for several non‐uniform distributions of roughness elements was analysed by the equation proposed in the literature and compared to the results obtained with the numerical simulations. This comparison showed very good agreement. Thus, the formulation developed for uniform particles was found also to be valid for a larger spectrum of particles noted on industrial sites. The present work aims also to investigate in detail the fluid mechanics over several roughness particles. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.