全球矿产资源需求周期与趋势

依据矿产资源需求"S"形理论原理,按照经济发展程度把全球各国划分为4四个国家集团和3个典型国家,以1950—2014年钢、铜、铅、锌消费量和GDP总量为对象,概略论述了全球资源消费的3个周期,系统分析了各国家集团在不同周期对全球资源消费增长的贡献率,以及资源需求弹性的变化规律,指出大国工业化和全球经济周期决定资源需求周期,认为当前全球矿产资源需求的低迷状态还将进一步深化,至少将延续3~5年。     

工程锚杆锚固质量动测技术

结合锚固体系的锚杆动力学及弹性波运动学理论,分析和评述了锚固体系的振动特征和锚固体系中弹性波传播的能量衰减规律,以及锚杆锚固质量检测的方法、技术与特点;并通过工程检测实例进一步说明,锚杆锚固质量动测技术是一种方便易行,测试精度能满足现场技术要求的方法,具有较为广阔的应用前景。     

Plastic deformation of wadsleyite: III. Interpretation of dislocations and slip systems

 Linear anisotropic elasticity has been applied to interpret the dislocation stability and ease of slip in wadsleyite. It is shown that wadsleyite is very isotropic from the elastic point of view. The influence of crystal chemistry and bonding on the choice of the slip plane is discussed. It is shown that slip is predominantly achieved on planes that do not shear Si–O bonds. It is suggested that dissociation of dislocations is essential in determining the ease of slip among the various slip systems. Received: 15 July 2002 / Accepted: 14 February 2003 Acknowledgements High-pressure experiments were performed at the Bayerisches Geoinstitut under the EU IHP – Access to Research Infrastructures Programme (Contract no. HPRI-1999-CT-00004 to D.C. Rubie). Enlightening discussions with A. Coujou and J. Rabier are gratefully acknowledged.     

橡胶座非线性弹性压缩特性的理论和试验研究

本文系统地研究分析了与橡胶隔震支座(以下简称为橡胶座)压缩特性有关的基础理论，提出了原点纵向压缩弹性模量、原点压缩刚度、偏压弹性模量、偏压竖向刚度的基本概念，同时还提出了计算剪切变形状态下橡胶座竖向刚度的计算理论。基于纯压缩原点竖向刚度和偏压原点刚度理论，提出了预测橡胶座压缩变形量的计算理论。文中针对新提出的概念和计算理论采用天然橡胶和铅芯橡胶座共计16个原型试件进行了系统的试验研究工作，试验结果表明本文建立的计算理论能够较理想地定量分析橡胶座的刚度和变形特性。     

2-D elastic FEM simulation on stress state in the deep part of a subducted slab

Introduction Geoscientists concern the explanation of deep focus earthquakes greatly. As a great progress in understanding the formation of deep focus earthquakes, Sung and Burns (1976a, b) proposed that olivine could exist in transition zone in metastable form in the core of some cold subducting slabs, which have got supports from laboratory studies (Rubie, Ross, 1994). Iidaka and Suetsugu (1992) used the seismic data recorded by the dense seismograph networks in Japan to study the travelti…     

Anisotropy of rock elasticity behavior and of gas migration in a Variscan Carboniferous rock mass in the South Limburg, The Netherlands

Investigations of the engineering geological, physical and rock mechanical properties have been carried out on Carboniferous core samples of the research wells Geverik, Kastanjelaan and Heugem in South Limburg, The Netherlands over a total length of 2687 m. On the basis of a mathematical modeling of the deformation and anisotropy of the Variscan-folded Carboniferous, the following parameters were determined: density, porosity, water resumption and specific permeability for gas.

Dynamic, static and uniaxial compression tests were performed in order to obtain direction-dependent data like dynamic elasticity modulus, static elasticity modulus (Young's modulus), shear modulus and the Poisson's ratios. Additionally, the stress–strain behaviors were determined by uniaxial strength, tensile strength and shear strength tests. For the evaluation of the anisotropy of the rock mass caused by tectonic movements, ultrasonic measurements were of greatest importance. The results show that the ultrasonic velocities of p- and s-waves are dependent on the rock type, the tectonic configuration and the degree of saturation.

The stress–strain behavior of mud, sand and marly limestones shows an orthogonal anisotropy, while limestones and siliceous limestones are quasi-isotropic. The anisotropy is related and parallel to the main tectonic axis and also to the rock texture.     

考虑时间效应的E-μ 模型

为进行三峡泄滩滑坡体的变形建模和稳定性数值分析，进行了滑动带土的三轴排水蠕变试验，并在此基础上，提出了排水条件下粘性土与时间有关的非线性弹性模型，即与时间有关的邓肯-张E-μ 模型。该模型假定 ， 不随时间变化， ， ， ， ， ， 均与时间有关。通过试验数据拟合，给出了部分参数（如 , , , ）与时间的关系式及模型的12个参数值。通过计算值与试验数据的对比表明：该模型适合于该滑动带粘土。     

残余强度特性对岩石宏观破坏的影响

运用岩石破裂过程分析RFPA2D系统 ,数值模拟了单轴压缩试验下试样破裂失稳的过程 ,主要研究了残余强度特性对岩石类非均质材料弹 脆 塑性的影响。对大量不同残余强度岩石试样的数值模拟结果显示 :残余强度是影响岩石弹 脆 塑性的重要方面 ,残余强度越高 ,岩石越容易表现为塑性 ,岩石试样所承受的峰值载荷也越高     

Elasticity of (Mg, Fe)(Si, Al)O3-perovskite at high pressure

The most abundant mineral on Earth has a perovskite crystal structure and a chemistry that is dominated by MgSiO₃ with the next most abundant cations probably being aluminum and ferric iron. The dearth of experimental elasticity data for this chemically complex mineral limits our ability to calculate model seismic velocities for the lower mantle. We have calculated the single crystal elastic moduli (c_ij) for (Mg, Fe^3 +)(Si, Al)O₃ perovskite using density functional theory in order to investigate the effect of chemical variations and spin state transitions of the Fe³⁺ ions. Considering the favored coupled substitution of Mg²⁺-Si^4 + by Fe³⁺-Al³⁺, we find that the effect of ferric iron on seismic properties is comparable with the same amount of ferrous iron. Ferric iron lowers the elastic moduli relative to the Al charge-coupled substitution. Substitution of Fe³⁺ for Al³⁺, giving rise to an Fe/Mg ratio of 6%, causes 1.8% lower longitudinal velocity and 2.5% lower shear velocity at ambient pressure and 1.1% lower longitudinal velocity and 1.8% lower shear velocity at 142 GPa. The spin state of the iron for this composition has a relatively small effect (< 0.5% variation) on both bulk modulus and shear modulus.