岩体结构面新型本构模型研究

对于涉及需要单独考虑岩体结构面的工程岩体结构分析,采用能反映岩体结构面主要力学特性的合理的本构模型是取得合理解答的关键问题之一。针对在经典连续介质力学理论框架内建立岩体结构面本构模型的缺点,基于岩体结构面的实际受力变形特性,采用直接法建立了一种新型岩体结构面本构模型。所建立的模型依据岩体结构面切向应力变形曲线及剪胀曲线的实际特征,将其分为峰前线性段、峰前非线性段以及峰后软化段,并分别给出了用于描述岩体结构面变形和强度等主要力学特性的数学模型,进而推导建立了结构面各变形阶段的增量型本构模型。最后,编写相关计算程序,采用所建立的新型本构模型以及被广泛采用的Plesha模型对经典的岩体结构面直剪试验成果进行拟合分析。结果表明,所建立的新型本构模型能更为合理的描述岩体结构面的主要力学特性,且模拟能力优于Plesha模型     

关于弹性力学半无限问题的注记

根据两个合理的判断依据,对弹性力学中的楔形体、半平面体、圆锥体和半空间体等经典解答进行了比较分析,发现了半无限平面应变问题和半空间体问题解答之间的关系;通过对解答之间的关系进行研究分析指出,弹性力学中的半无限平面体的符拉芒解答和半空间体的布希涅斯克解答存在局限性。对半无限地基、底部完全位移约束的有限深地基和底部光滑刚性支承的有限深地基在水平表面作用无限均布压力时的应力和位移分量进行了比较分析,认为底部完全位移约束的有限深地基模型较其他两种地基模型更合理些。     

中西方海洋地缘政治思想演化解构——基于人海关系分析框架

海洋地缘政治探讨国家政治活动与海洋地理环境的互动关系,并在理论和实践上极大的影响着世界政治经济格局.本文构建海洋地缘政治思想演化分析框架,探讨人海关系要素构成和国家与海洋互动机制,梳理中西方海洋地缘政治思想演进路径、内容构成和阶段特征.国家意志和需求、国家文化基因、技术变革是驱动国家与海洋关系互动的主要因素,中西方国家...     

均匀剪切流场中的强非线性波及其色散关系

考虑了剪切流场中强非线性波,唯一的假设是水深与特征波长之比是小量,建立了基于任意水深处速度而不是通常所用的平均速度为速度变量的模型。不仅改进了色散关系,使模型的水深适用范围更大,而且由于整个推导过程对波的振幅没有做任何假设,因而所获得的模型可以用于任何振幅的波。     

General method for simulating laboratory tests with constitutive models for geomechanics

The paper describes an approach to the simulation of arbitrary laboratory tests with homogeneous stress and strain fields applicable to most constitutive models common in geomechanics. The method by Bardet and Choucair [Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech. 15(1):1–19, 1991] is generalized for an arbitrary number of controlling and controlled variables. The approach is illustrated for time‐dependent thermo–hydro–mechanical constitutive models. The purpose of the method is to define an endless variety of different laboratory tests declaratively by means of two matrices E and S , which define the constraints on the controlled quantities such as stress, strains, suction, or temperature. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Inelastic constitutive properties and shear localization in Tennessee marble

The inelastic response of Tennessee marble is modelled by an elastic plastic constitutive relation that includes pressure dependence of yield, strain‐softening and inelastic volume strain (dilatancy). Data from 12 axisymmetric compression tests at confining pressures from 0 to 100 MPa are used to determine the dependence of the yield function and plastic potential, which are different, on the first and second stress invariants and the accumulated inelastic shear strain. Because the data requires that the strain at peak stress depends on the mean stress, the locus of peak stresses is neither a yield surface nor a failure envelope, as is often assumed. Based on the constitutive model and Rudnicki and Rice criterion, localization is not predicted to occur in axisymmetric compression although faulting is observed in the tests. The discrepancy is likely due to the overly stiff response of a smooth yield surface model to abrupt changes in the pattern of straining. The constitutive model determined from the axisymmetric compression data describes well the variation of the in‐plane stress observed in a plane strain experiment. The out‐of‐plane stress is not modelled well, apparently because the inelastic normal strain in this direction is overpredicted. In plane strain, localization is predicted to occur close to peak stress, in good agreement with the experiment. Observation of localization on the rising portion of the stress–strain curve in plane strain does not, however, indicate prepeak localization. Because of the rapid increase of mean stress in plane strain, the stress–strain curve can be rising while the shear stress versus shear strain curve at constant mean stress is falling (negative hardening modulus). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Luminosity-HI velocity width relation for spirals

Multicolour and multiaperture photometry of 22 late-type Virgo cluster galaxies in a newV (5500 Å),r (6738 Å),IV (10500 Å) system confirm the previously known correlations between the luminosity and H₁ velocity width, and show them to be strongly wavelength dependent with the slope of the relation reaching a maximum value of ～ ? 10 at 10500 Å and remaining constant at longer wavelengths. The scatter in the luminosity-H₁ width relation is nearly the same, whether we use (V)^c _?0.5, (r)^c _?0.5, (IV)^c _-0.5, or (H)^c _-0.5 magnitudes. The error in the determination of the corrected magnitudes is much less than the scatter in the luminosity-H₁ width relations as evidenced by the fact that the residuals of individual galaxies inV, r, IV, andH are correlated with one another. An attempt to use a ‘kinematic magnitude’ instead of an isophotal magnitude shows the slope of the luminosity-H₁ width relations to be reduced substantially. Observations in theV, r, andIV system for fifteen field galaxies and three galaxies in the Cancer and Zw 74-23 clusters have been obtained and combined with the H₁ velocity width to derive their differences in distance modulus, between the galaxy and the Virgo cluster, through the luminosity-H₁ width relations of the Virgo cluster galaxies. The three independent differences in the distance modulus of each galaxy agree with one another indicating that the relations usingV, r andIV magnitudes have the same zero point in absolute magnitude, independent of the wavelength of observations. The distance modulus difference from the Virgo cluster to the three galaxies U 4334, U 8942 and U 8944, which are outside the Local Supercluster, are +1·50, +3·45 and +2·81 mag respectively and are in agreement with those of +1·75, +3·23 and +2·46 mag derived for the same galaxies by Aaronsonet al. (1980) throughH magnitudes. The scatter in the velocity distance relation of the field galaxies compares well with the mean error derived in the luminosity-H_I width relations and hence is intrinsic.     

Subsurface temperature and its relation to dynamic height at 130° E across the North Equatorial Current

Temperature profiles down to 1500 m (CTD) collected by Academia Sinica from 1986 to 1990 are used and discussed in relation to the dynamic heights at 130° E across the North Equatorial Current (NEC). An extremely high correlation between subsurface (say at 400 m depth) temperature and dynamic height relative to 1500 db is found, and the corresponding regression relationships suggest a method to estimate geostrophic circulation from subsurface temperature alone. These suggest that the conclusions from extensive studies on this topic in Australian waters also apply to the NEC region, at least at 130°E, thus making the subsurface thermal structure an excellent indicator of the variation of the NEC. Contribution No. 2139 from the Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica.     

SUBSURFACE TEMPERATURE AND ITS RELATION TO DYNAMIC HEIGHT AT 130°E ACROSS THENORTH EQUATORIAL CURRENT

Temperature profiles down to 1500m(CTD) collected by Academia Sinica from 1986 to 1990 are used and discussed in relation to the dynamic heights at130 E across the North Equatorial Current (NEC). An extremely high correlation between subsurface (say at 400 m depth) temperature and dynamic height relative to 1500 db is found, and the corresponding regression relationships suggest a method to estimate gpostrophic circulation from subsurface temperature alone. These suggest that the conclusions from extensive studies on this topic in Australian waters also apply to the NEC region, at least at130 E , thus making the subsurface thermal structure an excellent indicator of the variation of the NEC.     

“地球村”的绿色与绿色文化

本文扼要介绍近期出现的绿色变革浪潮,提出绿色文化的概念,阐述绿色的价值、绿色文化的一般原则、绿色文化与其它文化的关系,初探绿色社区建设的构想。展示绿色未来,要正视以往由于人类对地理环境的偏见和人类中心主义所招致生态危机,重新调整和确立良好的人地关系。其对地球村的发展有深远意义。