从《徐霞客游记》看明末南方的社会经济生活——纪念徐霞客逝世350周年

本文以《徐霞客游记》为依据,对明末南方的社会经济生活状况进行了初步归纳和分析,以揭示徐霞客对我国人文地理学的突出贡献。     

Comprehensive development of agriculture in the Loess Plateau Area

The Loess Plateau is one of China s developing areas where socio-econ-omy is backward, ecological environment deteriorated and people's life difficult.The purpose of carrying out comprehensive development of the area's agriculture is, in essence, to open up new fields of agro-production, to intensify the utilization of related resources, to raise productivity and to win bigger output. The decision is important, as by so doing, the physical landscape could be tranformed, the local economy could be flourished, and the people's standard of living could be improved, and moreover the national development strategy of "depending on the East and shifting to the West" and building Shanxi Province into an energy and chemical industrial base could be realized.Based on field investigations in recent years, the auther proposed the purpose, target, principles, steps, tactics and strategies for the comprehensive development of the are's agriculture.     

基于坐标归一化和奇异值分解的直接线性变换解法

直接线性变换方法是数字摄影测量和计算机视觉领域最常用的解析处理方法之一,特别适用于未检校数码相机的三维测量,但直接线性参数间的相关性、物方控制的约束和设计矩阵元素数量级的较大差异,均可导致法矩阵严重病态,从而影响解的稳定性。本文借鉴改进的八点基本矩阵估计算法,采用基于坐标归一化和奇异值分解的解法,即首先将像点和物点坐标进行相似变换得到归一化坐标后组成法矩阵,其次利用矩阵奇异值分解方法代替常规的最小二乘方法,模拟和真实数据表明,此方法可以有效提高解算精度和稳定性。     

基于GIS的区域经济统计分析系统的设计与实现

随着经济的发展,区域间经济相互作用和影响的关系越来越密切,忽略空间相互作用的传统区域经济分析手段和方法开始显现出一些明显的不足。而GIS在处理和分析区域地理数据上具有强大的空间分析能力,为此我们引入GIS工具对区域经济进行分析,相较于传统的分析手法有了很大改善。本文以江西省区域经济数据为例,设计了一个基于GIS的区域经济统计分析系统,并利用Arcob-jects二次开发控件结合VB可视化编程语言,实现了大部分区域经济统计分析功能,最后并将结果进行网络发布。研究结果表明将GIS引入到区域经济统计分析中,更能正确、有效的揭示区域经济发展在空间上的联系,为区域经济研究决策提供服务。     

成都经济区天降水与下渗水元素地球化学特征及土壤元素输入输出通量

论文研究了成都经济区天降水和下渗水中元素含量、在农田耕层中的输入输出通量及其影响因素.研究表明,研究区雨水中含有大量SO2-4、NO-3等酸性物质,雨水中SO2-4 >NO-3>Cl-.雨水中Ca2 和NH 4含量最高,且NH 4>Ca2 >K >Na >Mg2 .雨水的pH与阴、阳离子摩尔浓度差值具有显著相关性.下渗水中以Ca2 为主要阳离子,且Ca2 >Na >Mg2 >K >NH 4;HCO-3为主要阴离子,且HCO-3>NO-3>SO2-4>Cl->F-,下渗水pH与阳、阴离子摩尔浓度差值具有显著相关性.不同地区雨水中Pb>As>Cd>Se>Hg,下渗水中Pb>As>Se>Cd>Hg,因此,Cd、Pb、Se和Hg等元素累积在耕层中,而As则被下渗水携带迁移出耕层进入地下水.由降雨输入土壤中的Cd通量均大于下渗水输出Cd的通量,局部地区As下渗通量高于雨水输入通量的5.45～13.16倍.土壤中元素的下渗比与土壤质地、pH有关.     

Recommended Values of 239Pu, 240Pu and 239+240Pu Concentrations in Reference Material IAEA-315 (Marine Sediment) Estimated by Thermal Ionisation Mass Spectrometry, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry and Alpha Spectrometry

The recommended concentrations of ²³⁹Pu, ²⁴⁰Pu and ^239+240Pu in reference material IAEA‐315 (marine sediment) were estimated by three analytical methods: isotope dilution thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS), isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) and alpha spectrometry. The determination of ²³⁹Pu and ²⁴⁰Pu (^239+240Pu by alpha spectrometry) was carried out with samples from randomly selected bottles using each method. Plutonium‐238 was also measured by alpha spectrometry. A plutonium‐242 reference material was used as a spike for the quantitative analysis. The influence of ²⁴²Pu in the samples was therefore calculated; however, this contribution was less than the range of uncertainty and did not influence the final results. The obtained data were statistically analysed using variance component analysis and paired comparison. The combined standard uncertainties from “method/measurement”, “bottle” and “sub‐sample” were in the order of 3 to 6%. The main contributions to the uncertainty were from the material heterogeneity and from systematic differences between methods. Based on this study with twenty‐seven analyses using 10–14 g sample mass, concentrations of (38 ± 3) Bq kg^?1, (28 ± 3) Bq kg^?1 and (66 ± 4) Bq kg^?1 are proposed as recommended values for ²³⁹Pu, ²⁴⁰Pu and ^239+240Pu, respectively, and (9.5 ± 0.4) Bq kg^?1 for ²³⁸Pu as an information value in reference material IAEA‐315. In mass concentration units, these amount to (16.4 ± 1.2) ng kg^?1, (3.3 ± 0.4) ng kg^?1 and (0.015 ± 0.003) ng kg^?1 for ²³⁹Pu, ²⁴⁰Pu and ²³⁸Pu, respectively. The certified reference materials NIST 4350B and NIST 4354 were also analysed by TIMS for quality assurance of the method used in this study.     

Extreme value analysis of diamond-size distributions

Extreme value analysis provides a semiparametric method for analyzing the extreme long tails of skew distributions which may be observed when handling mining data. The estimation of important tail characteristics, such as the extreme value index, allows for a discrimination between competing distribution models. It measures the thickness of such long tailed distributions, if only a limited sample is available. This paper stresses the practical implementation of extreme value theory, which is used to discriminate a lognormal from a mixed lognormal distribution in a case study of size distributions for alluvial diamonds.     

浙闽山区茶叶生产基地评价的探讨

茶叶基地的评价包括对基地的自然和经济条件的评估,应用系统分析方法,将自然和经济条件进行定量的综合评估,用综合评价值区分基地间的差异,最后定性与定量相结合,提出茶叶生产基地的合理布局.     

云南兰坪-思茅盆地生物地球化学找钾技术方法研究初探

在生物地球化学和“深穿透”理论的指导下,在兰坪-思茅盆地勐野井钾盐矿区及周边开展了生物地球化学找钾技术方法的探索性研究。沿江城县勐野井钾盐矿区及周边一线,对乔木类植物叶子进行了取样,分析,数据处理,特征指标筛选,获得了研究区植物样品主量和微量组分含量背景值,初步圈定了异常区,与以往圈定的找钾远景区较吻合。该区生物地球化学找钾技术取得较好的效果,今后还需扩大采样区域,获得更多样本数据,将找钾特征指标及其异常值的阈值进一步补充完善。     

Impact cratering - a review,with special reference to the economic importance of impact structures and the Southern African impact crater record

Only since several decades has impact cratering been recognized as an important surface process on all planetary bodies in the Solar System. However, as the process has not yet been effectively introduced into geological curricula, it is necessary to inform a wider public about its importance for (i) planetary formation and (ii) evolution, (iii) the understanding of this process as a geological process, (iv) the terrestrial impact crater record and its limitations, and (v) the recognition criteria for terrestrial impact structures, as well as (vi) the need of improvement of the impact cratering record in the light of the potential danger of an impact catastrophe on this planet. It is, particularly for developing countries, of interest to examine the economic and educational-environmental potential of impact structures. That it is possible to carry out an effective, low-budget geological investigation of impact structures within a Second World environment is demonstrated by the discussion of the progress that has been made in recent years with regard to the Southern African impact crater record. Several recommendations on how to improve, on the one hand, the terrestrial impact crater record and, on the other, their general working situation by activation of workers in Developing Countries are discussed.