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991.
Fresh-water lenses are the major sources of water supply in many atoll islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, particularly
in dry seasons. Several two- and three-dimensional models are currently available for the simulation of atoll-island aquifers;
however, 2D models cannot include 3D spatial variability of material properties, they must simplify the boundary conditions,
and they cannot correctly simulate pumping wells. In an attempt to overcome these difficulties, a 3D model, SALTFLOW, was
adopted for the simulation of Home Island in the Indian Ocean. This exercise required a discretisation on the order of a few
metres and time steps of a few hours requiring significantly high CPU times. High CPU demand proved to be a difficult challenge
but cannot be considered a serious practical limitation with today's advanced computers. The exhaustive data demands of the
model (e.g., 3D distributions of hydraulic conductivity, porosity, dispersivities, and spatial and temporal variations of
recharge and extraction rates) proved to be more problematical. Although the Home Island data set is unusually comprehensive
by any standards, nonetheless the quality and quantity of the available data proved inadequate to meet the calibration needs
of a highly karstic aquifer system. The Home Island modeling demonstrates the practical limitations of 3D models. It raises
the concern that our ability to develop computer codes capable of simulating complex systems now exceeds our ability to supply
the input data necessary for reliable calibration. Finally, the paper demonstrates the importance of the transient calibration
in reliable simulation of various management options and emphasises that transient calibration should be considered as an
integral part of any similar 2D or 3D modeling.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
992.
国际地面沉降研究综述 总被引:20,自引:2,他引:18
文章在介绍国际地面沉降会议历史及2000年第六届国际地面沉隆会议简况的基础上,并根据2000年第六届国际地面沉降会议论文,对国际地面沉降研究进展情况分成如下六个方面进行了综述。地面沉降地质因素介绍了古代地面沉降、泥炭层沉降、地震砂土液化地面沉降和海平面上升研究状况。地下流体运移地面沉降方面介绍了以地下水开采为主的地面沉降问题及地面塌陷、天然气开采引起的地面沉降、均匀沉降对建筑结构的破坏和欠固结石英 相似文献
993.
接触摩擦问题的数值模拟 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
无网格伽辽金法(EFGM)可脱离单元的概念,特别适合岩体裂纹面的接触摩擦分析。基于EFGM,在裂纹面引入罚参数,通过迭代计算,得到裂纹面真实的应力状态,从而模拟闭合裂纹的粘接、滑移和张开行为,数值结果表明该方法是合理可行的。 相似文献
994.
995.
996.
半干旱地区地表水平衡的特征和模拟 总被引:13,自引:1,他引:12
作者分析了我国半干旱区草原典型地区的水量平衡的特点。由于地处东亚季风区和西风带的过渡带,降水主要集中在夏季,且多短时间对流性降水,其中绝大部分消耗于蒸发,地表径流很少,土壤比较干燥。冬季积雪, 春季融雪集中,能产生较强的径流,这与夏季降水形成的径流构成双峰型特征,在我国半干旱区较为典型。由于这些特点,在地表水量平衡的计算和模拟中,蒸发的估算十分重要,为此在植被-大气相互作用模式 (AVIM) 中对水文过程作了改进,模式中包含了大气-植被-土壤间的能量和水分传输过程,特别是半干旱区地表蒸发和植被的蒸腾过程作了比较细致的处理,考虑了蓄满和超渗两种产流机制,同时采用了一个简化的雪盖模型。以此模型模拟了内蒙古半干旱草原上锡林河流域的地表水文过程。计算结果显示,半干旱区地表水平衡,蒸发大而径流小及产流的春夏双峰型特征都能很好地模拟。这些过程的参数化方案也适用于非干旱区。 相似文献
997.
998.
We investigate the impact of 1/8°, 1/16°, 1/32°, and 1/64° ocean model resolution on model–data comparisons for the Gulf Stream system mainly between the Florida Straits and the Grand Banks. This includes mean flow and variability, the Gulf Stream pathway, the associated nonlinear recirculation gyres, the large-scale C-shape of the subtropical gyre and the abyssal circulation. A nonlinear isopycnal, free surface model covering the Atlantic from 9°N to 47°N or 51°N, including the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, and a similar 1/16° global model are used. The models are forced by winds and by a global thermohaline component via ports in the model boundaries. When calculated using realistic wind forcing and Atlantic model boundaries, linear simulations with Munk western boundary layers and a Sverdrup interior show two unrealistic mean Gulf Stream pathways between Cape Hatteras and the Grand Banks, one proceeding due east from Cape Hatteras and a second one continuing northward along the western boundary until forced eastward by the regional northern boundary. The northern pathway is augmented when a linear version of the upper ocean global thermohaline contribution to the Gulf Stream is added as a Munk western boundary layer. A major change is required to obtain a realistic pathway in nonlinear models. Resolution of 1/8° is eddy-resolving but mainly gives a wiggly version of the linear model Gulf Stream pathway and weak abyssal flows except for the deep western boundary current (DWBC) forced by ports in the model boundaries. All of the higher resolution simulations show major improvement over the linear and 1/8° nonlinear simulations. Additional major improvement is seen with the increase from 1/16° to 1/32° resolution and modest improvement with a further increase to 1/64°. The improvements include (1) realistic separation of the Gulf Stream from the coast at Cape Hatteras and a realistic Gulf Stream pathway between Cape Hatteras and the Grand Banks based on comparisons with Gulf Stream pathways from satellite IR and from GEOSAT and TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry (but 1/32° resolution was required for robust results), (2) realistic eastern and western nonlinear recirculation gyres (which contribute to the large-scale C-shape of the subtropical gyre) based on comparisons with mean surface dynamic height from the generalized digital environmental model (GDEM) oceanic climatology and from the pattern and amplitude of sea surface height (SSH) variability surrounding the eastern gyre as seen in TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry, (3) realistic upper ocean and DWBC transports based on several types of measurements, (4) patterns and amplitude of SSH variability which are generally realistic compared to TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry, but which vary from simulation to simulation for specific features and which are most realistic overall in the 1/64° simulation, (5) a basin wide explosion in the number and strength of mesoscale eddies (with warm core rings (WCRs) north of the Gulf Stream, the regional eddy features best observed by satellite IR), (6) realistic statistics for WCRs north of the Gulf Stream based on comparison to IR analyses (low at 1/16° resolution and most realistic at 1/64° resolution for mean population and rings generated/year; realistic ring diameters at all resolutions), and (7) realistic patterns and amplitude of abyssal eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in comparison to historical measurements from current meters. 相似文献
999.
Yongchun Zhuu 《气象科学》2000,21(3)
1 INTRODUCTIONA Growing concern over the potential effects of a possible change in the future climatecontinues to motivate research into cycles,variability,and trends in the temperatures of theGreat L akes.These temperatures have a major influence on the water balance of the GreatL akes watershed through evaporation and the forcing of atmospheric effects.Before a futuretemperature structure and cycle can be estimated,the present water temperature climatologymust be sucessfully simulated… 相似文献
1000.
MODELING v_P AND Q ON EXPLOSION SEISMOLOGY DATA IN NE TIBET 相似文献