A new approach to null correlations of proportions

Much work on the statistical analysis of compositional data has concentrated on the difficulty of interpreting correlations between proportions with an assortment of tests for nullcorrelations, for independence except for the constraint, F-independence of bounded variables, neutrality in the mean and in the median. This paper questions the appropriateness of characterizing the dependence structure of proportions in terms of such concepts, suggests an alternative method of modeling, develops necessary distribution theory and tests, and illustrates the methodology in applications.     

Wave-height distributions and nonlinear effects

Theoretical distributions proposed for describing the crest-to-trough heights of linear waves are reviewed briefly. To explore the effects of nonlinearities, these are generalized to second-order waves, utilizing quasi-deterministic results on the expected shape of large waves. The efficacy of Gram–Charlier models in describing the effects of third-order nonlinearities on the distributions of wave heights, crests and troughs are examined in detail. All models and a fifth-order Stokes–Rayleigh type model recently proposed are compared with linear and nonlinear waves simulated from the JONSWAP spectrum representative of long-crested extreme seas, and also with oceanic data gathered in the North Sea. Uncertainties arising from the variability of probability estimates derived from sample populations of limited size are considered. Ultimately, the comparisons show that nonlinearities do not have any discernable effect on the crest-to-trough heights of oceanic waves. Most of the linear models considered yield similar and reasonable predictions of the observed data trends. Gram–Charlier type distributions seem neither effective nor particularly useful in describing the statistics of large wave heights or crests under oceanic conditions. However, they do surprisingly well in predicting unusually large wave heights and crests observed in some 2D wave-flume experiments and 3D numerical simulations of long-crested narrow-band random waves.     

块状硫化物矿床的类型、分布和形成环境

从全球视野全面概括了块状硫化物矿床的成矿背景和成矿类型,突出强调了洋壳和岛弧或陆壳两种成矿环境对成矿类型分类的重要性,并探讨了由于洋、陆转化过程中过渡环境的存在对两种成矿类型亦存在过渡的成矿复杂性,分析评述了块状硫化物矿床在全球各大陆块及其主要造山带中的地质分布和成矿特点。已发现矿床数量北半球明显发育,南半球发现稀少,太古代和中新生代是火山成因块状硫化物矿床的最主要形成期,其次是晚古生代,而中国则以早古生代的发现最为重要,与全球的情况有显著差异。探讨了全球块状硫化物矿床的形成演化和主要形成环境,强调了在地质历史上造山带中可能保存下来代表弧后盆地洋壳环境的蛇绿岩中寻找火山成因块状硫化物矿床的重要性。介绍了利用高场强元素对火山成因块状硫化物矿床构造背景的判别方法。     

Adjusting stream-sediment geochemical maps in the Austrian Bohemian Massif by analysis of variance

The Austrian portion of the Bohemian Massif is a Precambrian terrane composed mostly of highly metamorphosed rocks intruded by a series of granitoids that are petrographically similar. Rocks are exposed poorly and the subtle variations in rock type are difficult to map in the field. A detailed geochemical survey of stream sediments in this region has been conducted and included as part of the Geochemischer Atlas der Republik Österreich,and the variations in stream sediment composition may help refine the geological interpretation. In an earlier study, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was applied to the stream-sediment data in order to minimize unwanted sampling variation and emphasize relationships between stream sediments and rock types in sample catchment areas. The estimated coefficients were used successfully to correct for the sampling effects throughout most of the region, but also introduced an overcorrection in some areas that seems to result from consistent but subtle differences in composition of specific rock types. By expanding the model to include an additional factor reflecting the presence of a major tectonic unit, the Rohrbach block, the overcorrection is removed. This iterative process simultaneously refines both the geochemical map by removing extraneous variation and the geological map by suggesting a more detailed classification of rock types.     

Approximate local confidence intervals under change of support

Approximate local confidence intervals are constructed from uncertainty models in the form of the conditional distribution of the random variable Z given values of variables [Z_i, i=1,...,n]. When the support of the variable Z is any support other than that of the data, the conditional distributions require a change of support correction. This paper investigates the effect of change of support on the approximate local confidence intervals constructed by cumulative indicator kriging, class indicator kriging, and probability kriging under a variety of conditions. The conditions are generated by three simulated deposits with grade distributions of successively higher degree of skewness; a point support and two different block supports are considered. The paper also compares the confidence intervals obtained from these methods using the most used measures of confidence interval effectiveness.     

Multimolecular data processing and display in organic geochemistry: The evaluation of petroporphyrin GC-MS data

A novel method for handling and presenting multimolecular abundance data, derived from gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses (GC-MS), is introduced. The method facilitates carbon number labeling of compounds, specifically in the case of porphyrins, by means of a porphyrin-index, which is part of a novel identification code for porphyrins. Identification code, relative abundance and structure information of each compound recognised are stored in a database, which affords a variety of characteristic displays and tables upon manipulation. The combined facilities allow the direct comparison of samples of different origin, maturity and/or palaeoenvironment. Correlation studies, such as oil/oil or oil/source rock, are also facilitated by comparison of characteristic “fingerprint” histogram patterns. The ability of the method is exemplified through analysis of the porphyrin distributions of Boscan oil, La Luna shale, Gilsonite bitumen and Serpiano shale.     

中国世界地质公园格局浅谈及展望

联合国教科文组织世界地质公园是一项重要的国际合作机制,借助此机制,中国近15年来申请并建立了39家世界地质公园,成为当前全球世界地质公园最多的国家。文章通过世界地质公园建立以来的一系列相关统计资料,分析中国世界地质公园的类型、岩石构造、分布特征,阶段性地总结当前发展成果与优劣势,并探讨其未来的发展期望。总体上看,中国世界地质公园囊括的地质遗迹类型丰富,源自岩石、构造、化石、水体、冰川等类型的地质遗迹不一而足。依据核心地质遗迹所处地貌特征,可以将中国现有的世界地质公园划分为山麓型、低山型、荒原型、滨海型、湖沼型、洞穴型6个类型。另外,中国世界地质公园分布广泛,64%的省级行政区都建立了世界地质公园,公园涵盖了多种不同的地质、地理、人文历史区域,具有丰富的区域类型。这一系列成绩与我国疆土辽阔、世界级品牌众多、地质公园研究基础深厚、地质与原住民关系度高、国家与地方支持力度大的优势密切相关。但通过不同分区模式进行剖析,也暴露出了公园建设发展不平衡的问题,东部公园远多于西部,人口密度与公园密度较为相关,并且已建成的公园也逐渐出现了一些管理上的问题。针对这些问题,本文分别梳理了根源和影响因素,认为自然条件、经济建设发展速度是对公园当前格局的主要影响因素,并归纳了当前世界地质公园管理上最需要注意的问题。最后,文章针对未来的资源整合与申报,尤其是西部公园申报,提出了四个可能的有利方向。     

一次飑线过程的雨滴谱特征研究

利用4台Thies激光雨滴谱仪组成的观测网和CINRADA/SA多普勒雷达观测资料,通过单点雨滴谱和积分参数时间序列分析、以及γ谱拟合参数和Z-R关系等的统计分析,研究成熟平行层状飑线不同部位雨滴谱和积分参数的演变特征。结果表明,不同部位雨滴谱和积分参数演变特征存在明显差别,但有一致的基本特征,即在雨强增大阶段为较小的小粒子数浓度,较大的大粒子数浓度和谱宽,而雨强减弱阶段为较大的小粒子数浓度,较小的大粒子数浓度和谱宽,所以,雨强增大阶段具有较低的雨滴浓度和较大的雷达反射率因子,以及较小的γ谱斜率参数λ和形状参数μ。但有时雨强减弱阶段存在较大的大粒子数浓度和谱宽,因此,具有较大的雷达反射率因子;统计表明,γ谱三参数N0、μ、λ与雨强的关系可以用幂函数拟合, N0随雨强增大而增大,μ、λ随着雨强的增大而减小。λ-μ关系可以用二次多项式拟合,对流云Z-R关系为Z=324R1.60。不同部位雨滴谱演变特征的差异对Z-R关系等统计关系影响明显,但对λ-μ关系影响较小。平行层状飑线不同部位雨滴谱和积分参数演变特征与拖曳层状飑线对流带典型雨滴谱演变特征类似,但也存在一些明显差别,这些差异是否与平行层状飑线动力结构的不同有关,尚需进一步的研究。      

太湖流域滆湖水体悬浮物分布特征及其影响因素

基于2018—2019年的周年调查,分析了滆湖总悬浮物（TSS）的时空分布特征、组成及其季节变化规律,并探讨了水体悬浮物的影响因素及其与氮、磷的关系.结果表明：（1） TSS浓度的年内变化范围在11.80~105.87 mg/L之间,平均浓度为41.87±18.09 mg/L.（2）滆湖水体TSS时空差异显著.空间上呈现高速公路以南湖区（B区）大于高速公路以北湖区（A区）,沿岸高于湖心区的分布趋势;季节变化整体表现为：夏季 > 秋季 > 春季 > 冬季,且夏季显著高于其他季节.（3）滆湖水体中无机悬浮物（ISS）和有机悬浮物所占TSS的比例差异悬殊,分别为75.5%和24.5%,A区和B区均以ISS为主.（4）线性拟合表明,TSS与颗粒态氮、总磷和颗粒态磷具有极显著正相关关系;（5） TSS与叶绿素a浓度相关性极显著.综合结果分析,藻类暴发和泥沙再悬浮是影响滆湖水体悬浮物浓度的重要因素.     

我国北方地区苹果不同干旱等级时空特征

为定量评估我国北方地区苹果不同干旱等级灾害时空分布特征,以我国苹果主产地为研究区域,对前人提出的干旱指数进行等级划分,结合历史灾情资料,对划分的等级进行验证;利用验证后的干旱指数,明确1981—2016年苹果不同干旱等级时空变化特征。结果表明：划分的干旱指数等级能够较好地反映我国北方地区苹果实际干旱特征;各生育阶段甘肃省中北部、宁夏回族自治区各年代以重旱发生为主,山西省、陕西省、山东省以及河南省干旱等级随年代变化较大;重旱发生面积在果树萌动-花芽萌动和成熟-落叶生育阶段1981—2000年随年代变化逐渐增加;各生育阶段无旱和重旱高频区频率高于50%,轻旱和中旱高频区频率高于30%;1981—2016年轻旱发生范围最大,果树萌动-花芽萌动生育阶段的重旱和盛花-成熟生育阶段的中旱站次比呈显著上升趋势。研究区域西北地区干旱严重,且发生频率较高。