区域经济和环境对新兴城市影响的模拟

在参考现代经济增长模型、Logistic模式基础上,建立了资源和投资环境约束下的区域经济发展动力模式,有关模拟研究表明：(1) 影响新兴城市 (区域) 劳动力规模的主要因子是区域资源对人口的承载力和劳动力的实际增长率,前者决定了区域 (城市) 劳动力的规模,后者则决定了城市 (区域) 增长的速度。而且承载力对平衡态区域劳动力规模的影响以及实际劳动力增长率对区域增长速度的影响都是线性的;(2) 改善新兴城市的投资环境,使其比临近区域 (城市) 的投资环境更优越,该新兴城市 (区域) 的经济规模就将迅速发展。反之,如果该新兴城市 (区域) 的投资环境比临近区域 (城市) 的投资环境差,则该城市的经济规模将受极大的限制而无法做大。     

AutoCAD二次开发技术及在矿山资源评价中的应用

采用面向对象技术,利用Visual Basic6.0(VB)对Auto CAD进行了二次开发研究,并将其应用于矿山"三下采煤"资源评价系统中,实现了矿山保护煤柱的参数化绘制,钻孔数据的自动标注等功能。结果表明,在VB环境下,借助Auto CAD强大的图形编辑功能,能大大缩短开发周期。      

甘肃黄河谷地城市与城郊生态功能区产业发展模式研究

国家层面对甘肃发展的总体定位是我国重要的生态屏障、经济走廊、战略通道、能源基地和文化源区,因此,甘肃黄河谷地城市与城郊生态功能区的发展对于我国西部地区乃至全国的经济社会发展具有举足轻重的作用.从分析目前甘肃黄河谷地城市与城郊生态功能区的发展现状入手,针对甘肃黄河谷地城市与城郊生态功能区主导产业不明确的问题,提出了政府对于生态功能区的优惠政策应由向区域倾斜转变为向产业倾斜,并在此基础上积极培育和发展重点产业,通过提高环境标准、推进生态农业重建工程、促进现代物流业发展、加快产业优化、构筑立体旅游产业体系和发展新兴能源产业等措施构建全新的产业发展模式,重塑我国西部重要的现代工业基地,实现生态功能区的健康与和谐发展.     

基于GIS的城市基础地图库系统设计

城市各测绘部门作为大比例尺地形图数据的生产者,将会拥有越来越多的地形图数据,如何更加有效地组织、管理、查询与检索地形图数据以方便日常工作的开展,成为这些部门目前迫切需要解决的问题。本文根据系统目标,对系统进行总体设计,包括系统功能和数据库设计等。通过系统开发和实践应用,取得了良好的效果。     

省级海洋动力环境监测分布式数据仓库的设计与构建

建立分布式的数据仓库系统能够满足分布式的大数据量数据管理和多层次决策支持的数据要求．本文探讨了数据仓库分布与集中的利弊，提出了建立省级海洋动力环境分布式数据仓库的体系结构，分析了数据仓库的元数据和系统的开发模式。     

Is industrialization still a viable development strategy for developing countries under climate change?

The implications of climate change for economic development strategies in developing countries are explored, in particular whether industrialization still represents a viable development strategy in the context of climate change. Synthesizing the relevant literature and drawing insights from a comparison of Chinese and Indian experiences, it is argued that industrialization still represents an effective and, to some extent, indispensable development strategy, especially for those low- and low–middle-income countries that are affected by deindustrialization.     

Creating incentives for avoiding further deforestation: the nested approach

Since 2005, Parties to the UNFCCC have been negotiating policy options for incentivizing reductions of (greenhouse gas) emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) in a future climate regime. Proposals on how to operationalize REDD range from market-based to pure fund-based approaches. Most of the current proposals suggest accounting for REDD at the national level. Accounting for emission reductions and implementing policy reform for curbing deforestation will take time and imply high levels of technical and institutional capacity. Therefore it is essential that developing countries receive sufficient support to implement national REDD programmes. To save time and ensure prompt action in reducing deforestation, a REDD approach is proposed that integrates project-level and subnational REDD schemes into national-level accounting. This ‘nested approach’ can achieve meaningful reductions in GHG emissions from improved forest governance and management, while allowing for an immediate and broad participation by developing countries, civil society and the private sector.     

Performance of renewable energy technologies under the CDM

While many different greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation technologies can be implemented under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), renewable energy technologies (RETs), in particular, are often viewed as one of the key solutions for achieving the CDM's goals: host-country sustainable development and cost-efficient emissions reductions. However, the viability of emission reduction projects like RETs is technology- and country-specific. To improve the CDM with respect to the diffusion of RETs, it is crucial to understand the factors that ultimately drive or hinder investments in these technologies. This study develops a methodology based on project-level, regional and global variables that can systematically assess the financial and environmental performance of CDM projects in different country contexts. We quantitatively show how six RETs (PV, wind, hydro, biomass, sewage, landfill) are impacted differently by the CDM and how this impact depends on regional conditions. While sewage and landfill are strongly affected independently of their location; wind, hydro and biomass projects experience small to medium impacts through the carbon price, and strongly depend on regional conditions. PV depends more on regional conditions than on the carbon price but is always unprofitable. Furthermore, we determine the carbon prices necessary to push these six RETs to profitability under various regional conditions. Based on these results, we derive policy recommendations to advance the interplay between international and domestic climate policy to further incentivize GHG emission reductions from RETs.     

Who picks up the remainder? Mitigation in developed and developing countries

A fair, effective, flexible and inclusive climate regime beyond 2012 will need several political balances. Mitigation and funding will be at the heart of the agreement. The IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report indicates that absolute reductions will be needed in Annex I (AI) countries and substantial deviation from baseline in some non-Annex I (NAI) regions by 2020. Although the latter was not explicitly quantified by the IPCC, the EU subsequently proposed a range for developing countries. Sharing the burden for mitigation is essentially zero-sum: if one does less, the other has to do more. We critically examine the implicit assumption that NAI countries would pick up the remainder of the required global effort minus the AI contribution. We suggest that greater levels of ambition can be achieved by turning the formula around politically, starting from the achievable ‘deviation below baseline’ given NAI's national programmes and appropriate international support. AI countries may have to exceed the IPCC ranges or pay for the remainder. For notional levels of NAI mitigation action, Annex I has to reduce by between ?52% and ?69% below 1990 by 2020, only dropping to a domestic ?35% with commitments to offset payments through the carbon market. Given the large mitigation gap, a political agreement on the question of ‘who pays’ is fundamental. The carbon market will provide some investment, but it mainly serves to reduce costs, particularly in developed countries, rather than adding to the overall effort. Market-linked levies and Annex I public funding will therefore be crucial to bridge the gap.     

不同PDO位相下El Niño发展年和La Niña年东亚夏季风的季节内变化

基于1957~2017年观测和再分析资料,合成分析了北太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific decadal oscillation,PDO)不同位相下El Ni?o发展年和La Nina年东亚夏季风的环流、降水特征及季节内变化。结果表明,PDO正、负位相作为背景场,分别对El Ni?o发展年、La Nina年东亚夏季风及夏季降水具有加强作用。PDO正位相一方面可增强El Ni?o发展年夏季热带中东太平洋暖海温异常信号,另一方面通过冷海温状态加强中高纬东亚大陆与西北太平洋的环流异常,从而在一定程度上增强了东亚夏季风环流的异常程度;反之,PDO负位相则增强了La Nina年热带海气相互作用以及中高纬环流(如东北亚反气旋)的异常。在季节内变化方面,El Ni?o发展年6月贝湖以东反气旋性环流为东亚地区带来稳定的北风异常,东北亚位势高度减弱;7月开始,环流形势发生调整,日本以东洋面出现气旋性异常,东亚大陆偏北风及位势高度负异常均得到加强;8月,随着东亚夏季风季节进程和El Ni?o发展,西太平洋出现气旋性环流异常,东亚副热带位势高度进一步降低,西北太平洋副热带高压(简称副高)明显东退。La Nina年6月异常较弱,主要环流差异自7月西北太平洋为大范围气旋性异常控制开始,东亚-太平洋遥相关型显著,副高于季节内始终偏弱偏东。上述两种情况下,均造成东亚地区夏季降水总体上偏少,尤其是中国北方降水显著偏少。