藻类生物化学成分差异对其热解生烃产率和特征的影响

藻类生物化学成分差异对其热解生烃产率和特征的影响吴庆余，章冰，盛国英，傅家谟（南京大学生物科学与技术系．南京２１００９３）（中国科学院广州地球化学研究所．广州５１０６４０）关键词藻类热模拟成烃，生物化学降解，有机地球化学浮游藻类生物的热降解模拟实验和...     

海南省大敢森林景观恢复示范区退化原始林特征

对海南省大敢森林景观恢复示范区退化原始林调查的结果表明:退化原始林群落结构较为完整,明显分乔木层、灌木层及草本层。乔木层树种丰富,表现出较高的物种多样性(SW为3.61～4.46);4个群落主要优势树种分别为岭南山竹子和无翼坡垒、黄杞和岭南山竹子、细子龙和岭南山竹子,以及水石梓、海南黄檀和海南暗罗。林分平均胸径、平均树高、平均密度和单位面积蓄积量分别为10.2～14.3 cm、8.50～13.39 m、2 321～3 545株/hm2和142.51～199.44 m/hm2;林分直径分布均呈反J型。由于反复的人为择伐利用等干扰,乔木层第Ⅰ亚层价值较高的和干形较好的树木大部分已被利用,但是第Ⅱ亚层中仍然有干形较好、生长正常、经济价值较高的珍贵树种,如降香黄檀、无翼坡垒、青皮、野生荔枝等。灌木层和草本层物种丰富,有价值较高的珍贵的乔木幼树和幼苗。     

ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION：OUR HOPE FOR THE FUTURE？

Ecological restoration is widely employed from tens to millions of hectares in space, and from tens of days to thousands of years in time, which forces consideration of it thoroughly. We argue that three questions are the most important among the contents relevant of ecological restoration, including why, what and how to restore degraded systems. Why to restore determines whether or not the degraded ecological systems should be restored. What to restore is the goal of ecological restoration. The explicit goal of ecological restoration is necessary to guide ecological restoration workers in pursuit of excellence and prevent restoration from being swamped by purely technological activities. And how to restore means the methods and steps we should apply. To ensure the final success of ecological restoration, restored sites should be monitored and managed for long time to determine whether the selected methods are appropriate, and can be remedy better. Only to deal with these effectively, ecological restoration would be the hope for the future.     

Degraded forest,degraded land and the development of industrial tree plantations in Laos

The concepts of degraded forest (pa mai xout xom) and degraded land (din seuam xom) have been variously applied in official Lao government policy narratives and law over the last couple of decades. In this article I focus on the concepts of degraded forest and land, and the relationship with industrial tree plantations, using two examples from southern Laos. I argue that the concepts have been significant in both facilitating and obstructing the development of large‐scale industrial tree plantations in different times and spaces, thus significantly influencing access and exclusion, as well as the spatialization of tree plantations. I provide a tentative genealogy regarding the emergence of these concepts in land and forestry policy in Laos, and briefly explain the links between degradation and ‘the land rush’ presently affecting Laos.     

Present situation and tendency of saline-alkali soil in west Jilin Province

Saline-alkali soil is a kind of degraded soil, in which the content of dissolvable elements is supernormal. The soil structure, physical and chemical qualities have degenerated due to impact of both natural and human factors. Soil salinization in temperate semi-humid area includes grassland salinization, cropland salinization and partially, wetland salinization. In the 40 years, from the late 1950s to late 1990s, the saline-alkali soil in temperate semi-humid area expanded, and aggravated to c…     

基于多目标决策模型的封育工程绩效研究——以旱泉沟流域为例

以旱泉沟流域封山育林育草调查研究为基础,通过农户调查、专项统计监测、野外试验研究等手段,在专家咨询、统计分析的基础上,运用多目标决策评价模型建立封育工程生态恢复综合效果评价指标体系,系统全面地分析了封育工程生态恢复的效果,以期为西部地区小流域综合治理和退化生态系统恢复提供理论依据。研究结果表明,旱泉沟流域封育工程的生态恢复效果显著,年经济价值为5.217×10⁶元,其中生态系统稳定性和土壤保持能力恢复较好,综合效果评分为77.70,达到良好水平。     

荒漠河岸植被的受损过程与受损机理分析

以塔里木河多年平均地下水位数据为依据,将地下水位划分为6个环境梯度,各梯度上6次重复采集植被样地数据。从物种多样性、植被盖度与群落类型等几方面分析了植被的受损过程,以及导致此过程的受损机理。结果表明：(1) 草本植物丰富度受损发生在地下水埋深大于4 m,而木本植物丰富度受损发生在地下水埋深大于8 m。(2) 植被盖度减少始于草本植物盖度受损,与群落多样性受损的临界地下水位相同,发生在地下水埋深大于4 m;在地下水埋深大于6 m之后,植被盖度不断减少则是由木本植物盖度的减少所引起。(3) 群落类型受损体现在芦苇群落和胡杨林群落的结构与类型变化上,芦苇群落的衰退演变出现了优势种的更替,而胡杨林群落中优势种的优势地位没有变化。(4) 此受损过程是由荒漠河岸生态系统脆弱的生态基质和外界干扰共同作用的结果,起因于人口的增加、需求的增长。植被退化是人类干扰作用于植被赖以生存的环境主导因子所致。在生态受损过程中,植物功能型差异与所承受的干扰强度差异对植被退化的程度有一定影响。     

退化喀斯特植被恢复过程中土壤生态肥力质量评价——以贵州花江喀斯特峡谷地区为例

应用多元统计分析方法,建立能够揭示退化喀斯特植被恢复对土壤微生态影响效果的生物学指标评价体系.研究结果表明:细菌、真菌、放线菌、微生物总数等微生物活性指标在评价土壤生物学肥力质量时具有十分重要的作用;氨化细菌数量、微生物熵、代谢熵等微生物活性指标在土壤生物学肥力评价中也具有一定的作用,但对土壤肥力质量评价的影响较小.利用土壤综合肥力指标值综合评价结果表明,不同退化喀斯特植被恢复阶段土壤生物学肥力具有明显的垂直变化特征,均表现A层>B层的特点,这说明各恢复阶段的土壤生物学肥力具有随土壤层次加深而下降的变化趋势.同时,从裸地阶段→草本群落阶段→灌木群落阶段一乔木群落阶段,由于土壤物质循环逐渐加快,微生物活性逐渐增强,土壤生物学肥力逐步提高.      

各向异性正则化的多帧遥感图像盲复原算法

在大气湍流较强时,一般的遥感图像复原算法难以取得较好的复原效果。针对这种情况,提出了一种基于各向异性约束的多帧遥感图像盲复原算法。该算法不需要成像过程的先验信息,仅根据图像及点扩散函数的非负约束和支持域约束,即可得到较好的复原结果;同时该算法能够自适应地调整正则化参数,在实现图像复原的同时,保持边缘并抑制噪声。试验结果验证了该算法的良好性能,复原后图像的质量得到较大提高。     

围封对退化沙质草地植物群落的影响

对科尔沁沙地围封草地和放牧草地群落的种类组成、结构和多样性等特征进行比较研究。结果表明：（1）围封草地盖度、密度、地上生物量、高度均优于放牧草地（P<0.01）。与放牧相比,围封使植被盖度、密度、高度和地上生物量分别提高了237%、429%、77%和218%,植物群落结构得到明显改善。（2）与放牧草地相比,围封草地物种数增加了69%,多年生草本、灌木类种数和重要值均高于放牧草地。放牧草地的优势植物种依次是大果虫实（Corispermum macrocarpum）、狗尾草（Setaria viridis）、差巴嘎蒿（Artemisia halodendron）,重要值占72%;而围封草地优势植物种依次是达乌里胡枝子（Lespedeza davurica）、糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa）、虎尾草（Chloris virgate）和画眉草（Eragrostis pilosa）,重要值占57%,大果虫实、狗尾草和差巴嘎蒿逐渐处于群落的次要地位,取而代之的是与其环境条件相匹配的优质豆科和禾本科植物。围封使物种组成多样化,科属组成复杂化,优势物种发生了变化,群落结构和功能得到改善,沙地植被得以恢复。（3）围封草地的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数、均匀度指数均大于放牧草地。围封增加了群落的物种多样性,群落的稳定性得以提高。