毒杂草型退化草地植被群落特征的研究

在以狼毒(Stellera chamaeJasme L)侵入为主要特征的退化草地上，按狼毒盖度将草地划分为5个类组：Ⅰ类组(狼毒分盖度0419％)、Ⅱ类组(狼毒分盖度20％～39％)、Ⅲ类组(狼毒分盖度40％～59％)、Ⅳ类组(狼毒分盖度60％～79％)、V类组(狼毒分盖度80％～95％)。对各类组天然草地退化过程中植被的组成、作用及植物群落的动态变化规律进行了研究，结果表明，以针茅和扁穗冰草为优势种的山地草原，植被群落具有相对的稳定性。但是由于放牧强度的加大，改变了群落中植物间竞争格局，狼毒凭借对不良环境的适应能力以及植物间的竞争能力，个体数量及其在群落中的作用加强。伴随着狼毒分盖度的增加，针茅和扁穗冰草的地上生物量、密度、盖度和重要值明显下降，狼毒的相对值呈上升趋势。草地植物群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数随狼毒生物量的增加呈现出由低到高，再到低的变化趋势，Simpson优势度指数则呈现出相反的变化趋势；植物群落主要种的优势地位发生了明显的变化，狼毒由伴生种成为优势种，天然草原退化成狼毒为优势种的植被类型。     

南涧干热退化山地植被恢复的植物多样性变化

对20世纪90年代初期在南涧县城后山干热退化山地上营造的五种不同人工植物群落与未经改造次生植被的物种组成与结构进行了调查,采用生物多样性指数和相似性指数对各个群落进行测度。结果表明,经过十几年的恢复和保护,各人工群落植物种数及耐荫种数均有增加,分别在54～29和7～4间,高于坡柳、黄茅草灌草坡（26种和2种）。恢复群落的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、P{elou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数增加,其中乔木层Shannon-Wiener指数在0．15～1．45间;除桉树群落外灌木层Shannon-Wiener指数在0．91～0．76间,均明显大于坡柳、黄茅草灌草丛（0．44）;草本层Shannon．Wiener指数在0．39～1．49间,除桉树群落和新银合欢群落外也均有增加。恢复群落物种组成与结构逐渐向良性方向发展。然而,一些引进植物如山毛豆（Tephrosia caudida）在本地区早期阶段生长迅速并能够快速郁闭,为乡土植物生长创造了条件,但因自我更新能力差,已出现衰退现象,因此,应该加强人工群落保护和后续抚育管理,促进区域生态环境改善和良性发展。     

科尔沁沙地退化植被恢复过程中碳氮化学计量特征的变化

为研究沙地退化植被恢复过程中碳氮化学计量特征的变化,分别于2011年、2013年和2015年8月中旬对流动、半固定、固定沙丘和草地进行植被调查,并测定植被—土壤系统的碳氮化学计量特征。结果表明：（1） 随着沙地退化植被的恢复,地上植物、凋落物和根系的C、N含量及C/N比波动变化,土壤（0～10 cm）C和N含量及C/N比显著增加（P <0.05）。（2）沙地4种生境上的地上植物、凋落物、根系、土壤的C、N含量及C/N比年际间变化显著（P <0.05）。（3） 沙地退化植被恢复过程中地上植物、凋落物、土壤的C/N比与物种丰富度呈正线性关系（P <0.01）。沙地退化植被恢复过程中优势植物演替导致植被—土壤系统中C、N化学计量特征的变化,植被恢复过程中植物的氮素利用效率也在逐渐增强,而封育时间的增加能够促进沙地土壤中N的积累。     

三江源南部草地退化时空特征分析

本文利用三江源南部1977年MSS、1990年TM和2004年TM三期遥感影像,结合1∶10万地形图、1∶100万草地图、1∶100万植被图和野外考察等资料,分析该区草地退化的时空变化特征和规律。结果表明:该区草地总体呈轻度退化,即为轻度破碎化退化、轻度覆盖度下降、轻度破碎化和轻度覆盖度下降复合型退化,共占研究区退化总面积的84.3%;轻度退化草地主要散布在唐古拉山东北部区域,中度退化草地多数分布于河流、居民点周围,草地轻度沙化/盐化退化主要发生在湖盆周围、河岸附近、滩地等区域。草地退化面积随海拔高度升高近似于正态分布,退化面积集中4 400～5 300m左右。1977～1990年和1990～2004年前后两期草地退化面积占研究区草地面积12.6%和18.9%,指示着草地状况的恶化。同时,对前后两个时段比较发现,草地退化发生以破碎化为先导,随后发生覆盖度持续降低。沼泽和沼泽化草甸的变化反映了区内气候的趋干化。另外,受气候条件等因素的影响,前期草地和沼泽变化有转好迹象。     

Carbon storage and sequestration of national key ecological restoration programs in China: An introduction to special issue

<正>Although a crucial objective of ecosystem management should be the avoidance of degradation at the beginning,an unfortunate truth is that ecosystems have been substantially exploited,degraded and destroyed in the last century as a result of the global increase in economic and societal prosperity(Suding,2011).More than 60%of ecosystems have been converted for human use or degraded through unsustainable harvest,pollution,     

百喜草治理对退化红壤生态系统碳库及分配的影响

侵蚀退化红壤植被恢复后生态系统碳库变化的研究对全面认识生态恢复的作用以及碳汇经营具有重要意义．试验地位于福建省长汀县河田镇,本文以采用种植百喜草治理侵蚀退化地上典型“小老头”马尾松林（百喜草治理地）为对象,以相邻的未治理地为对照,研究生态系统及其各个分室碳库的变化．结果表明：侵蚀地种植百喜草治理后生态系统、乔木层及土壤层碳库均显著（P〈0．05）或极显著（P〈0．01）高于对照地,分别是对照的2．32倍、5．23倍和1．81倍．乔木层各器官碳贮量均显著高于对照地（P〈0．05）,其中树干碳贮量增量最大．与对照地土壤相比,表层0—20em土壤碳贮量增量高达5．84t·hm^-2,同时土壤深层（20～100cm）碳库增量（6．04t·hm^-2）与其相当．对照地的土壤碳库占生态系统碳库的比例为70．88％,而百喜草治理地的土壤碳库所占比例下降至55．28％,表明侵蚀地种植百喜草治理后生态系统碳库分配趋于合理．因此,从森林碳汇与可持续经营角度出发,种植百喜革治理侵蚀退化红壤是一项可行有效的措施．     

Restoration and rational use of degraded saline reed wetlands: A case study in western Songnen Plain, China

The protection, restoration and sustainable use are key issues of all the wetlands worldwide. Ecological, agronomic, and engineering techniques have been integrated in the development of a structurally sound, ecologically beneficial engineering restoration method for restoring and utilizing a degraded saline wetland in the western Songnen Plain of China. Hydrological restoration was performed by developing a system of biannual irrigation and drainage using civil engineering measures to bring wetlands into contact with river water and improve the irrigation and drainage system in the wetlands. Agronomic measures such as plowing the reed fields, reed rhizome transplantation, and fertilization were used to restore the reed vegetation. Biological measures, including the release of crab and fish fry and natural proliferation, were used to restore the aquatic communities. The results of the restoration were clear and positive. By the year 2009, the reed yield had increased by 20.9 times. Remarkable ecological benefits occurred simultaneously. Vegetation primary-production capacity increased, local climate regulation and water purification enhanced, and biodiversity increased. This demonstration of engineering techniques illustrates the basic route for the restoration of degraded wetlands, that the biodiversity should be reconstructed by the comprehensive application of engineering, biological, and agronomic measures based on habitat restoration under the guidance of process-oriented strategies. The complex ecological system including reeds, fish and crabs is based on the biological principles of coexistence and material recycling and provides a reasonable ecological engineering model suitable for the sustainable utilization of degraded saline reed wetlands.     

Formation mechanism and geochemical characteristics of shallow natural gas in heavy oil province,China

Shallow gas reservoirs are distributed widely in Chinese heavy oil-bearing basins.At present,shallow gas resources have opened up giant potentials.The previous researches indicate the intimate genetic relationship between shallow gas and heavy oil.Shallow gas resources are generated from crude oil degraded by anaerobic microscopic organism,it belongs to biogenic gas family of secondary genesis, namely heavy oil degraded gas.Shallow gas resources are usually distributed in the upward position or the vicinity of heavy oil reservoirs.They are mainly of dry gas,which are composed of methane and only tiny C2 heavy hydrocarbon and relatively higher contents of nitrogen gas.Generally,methane isotopes are light,whose values are between biogenic gas and thermal cracking gas.Ethane isotopes are heavy,which mixed possibly with thermogenic gas.Carbon dioxide bear the characteristics of very heavy carbon isotope,so carbon isotopic fractionation effects are very obvious on the process of microscopic organism degradation crude oil.The heavy oil degraded gas formation,a very complex geological,geochemical and microbiological geochemical process,is the result of a series of reactions of organic matter-microbes and water-hydrocarbon,which is controlled by many factors.     

基于RS与GIS的金沙江干热河谷区退化生态系统评价——以云南省元谋县为例

文章以元谋县为例,研究干热河谷退化生态系统评价。在对植被指数、斑块分维数、沟谷密度、坡度、水热分带、载畜量、人口密度等因子分析的基础上,通过建立遥感和地理信息数据库进行综合定量评价。评价结果表明,元谋干热河谷生态环境退化较严重,就地形垂直分带而言,坝周低丘陵区生态环境退化最严重;就不同土地景观类型而言,旱地、林地、草地生态系统退化较严重。文章还对元谋干热河谷生态系统退化主要原因、空间分布规律及其恢复重建途径进行研究与探索。     

退化羊草草原在浅耕翻处理后植物多样性动态研究

利用多年样方资料的统计分析,对退化草原群落浅耕翻处理后恢复过程中的生物多样性变化规律及引起这些变化的主要植物种群进行研究,结果表明：退化羊草草原在浅耕翻恢复过程中其多度分布特征表现为个别种个体的快速富集（建群种）和少数种随演替进程的富集（优势种）,多度很少的种类（偶见种和伴生种）增加的过程,以上特征与恢复过程中羊草的增加密不可分。退化羊草草原在浅耕翻恢复过程中出现多样性指数的3个高峰期,但多样性指数总变化趋势为开口向上的抛物线状。物种多样性可作为丰富度与均匀度的一个综合反映,在退化草地改良恢复过程中均匀度起着更主导的作用。均匀性指数的整体趋势与多样性指数相似。群落主要植物种群与多样性指数存在着显著的相关关系,其中羊草、冷蒿、冰草、针茅、糙隐子草、变蒿、星毛萎陵菜的密度和生物量与多样性指数具有显著或极显著的线性回归关系。黄蒿的生物量、双齿葱的密度与多样性指数呈显著的线性关系。