城市环境地质调查信息化建设

从提供全程支持城市环境地质调查评价主流程信息化的技术手段出发,依据城市环境地质调查评价规范,制定了统一的数据库标准,对城市环境地质调查信息化建设的总体框架进行了设计,分析了城市环境地质调查评价信息系统组成、功能及应用模式,重点研制了为调查评价各过程服务的相应计算机分析处理系统,并得到了实际的推广应用。     

Water balance of the Salado–Juramento river basin (Argentina)

A lumped water balance model was used to derive a monthly water storage series in the Salado–Juramento southern basin, for the period 1954–1986. The evapotranspiration term was estimated using the Bouchet's complementary relationship. Different evapotranspiration formulas following the concepts of potential evapotranspiration and wet environmental evapotranspiration were used. The regional average groundwater levels and the specific yield were used to tune Bouchet's equation. The extrapolation of the water storage series to a secular period (1901–2002) was achieved using a synthetic annual discharge series. The water storage was deficient for most of the century, i.e. more than 60 years; nevertheless in the last 30 years, the system recovers half of the water previously lost. The singular spectral analysis showed that a significant low‐frequency signal is present in the water storage and precipitation series. The main cause of water storage variability would be given by precipitation, in spite of the vast anthropogenic changes on the basin. Anthropogenic effects would be reflected in the river discharges, where no significant signal is detected before 1970; however, an annual signal is insinuated after that year. The conclusions of this work could be different if we only looked at the 1954–1986 period. The results of that period suggest that the basin is primarily accumulating water instead of being mainly in deficit. Thus, here we demonstrated the importance of the secular analysis to illustrate the complete basin behaviour. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of transient storage on nitrate uptake lengths in streams: an inter‐site comparison

Surface water–groundwater interaction in the hyporheic zone may enhance biogeochemical cycling in streams, and it has been hypothesized that streams exchanging more water with the hyporheic zone should have more rapid nitrate utilization. We used simultaneous conservative solute and nitrate addition tracer tests to measure transient storage (which includes hyporheic exchange and in‐stream storage) and the rate of nitrate uptake along three reaches within the Red Canyon Creek watershed, Wyoming. We calibrated a one‐dimensional transport model, incorporating transient storage (OTIS‐P), to the conservative solute breakthrough curves and used the results to determine the degree of transient storage in each reach. The nitrate uptake length was quantified from the exponential decrease in nitrate concentration with distance during the tracer tests. Nitrate uptake along the most downstream reach of Red Canyon Creek was rapid (turnover time K^?1_c = 32 min), compared with nitrate uptake reported in other studies (K^?1_c = 12 to 551 min), but other sites within the watershed showed little nitrate retention or loss. The uptake length S_w‐NO^?₃ for the most downstream reach was 500 m and the mass transfer coefficient V_f‐NO^?₃ was 6·3 m min^?1. Results from 15 other nitrate‐addition tracer tests were used to create a regression model relating transient storage and measures of stream flow to nitrate uptake length. The model, which includes specific discharge and transient storage area, explains almost half the variability in nitrate uptake length (adjusted R² = 0·44) and is most effective for comparing sites with very different stream characteristics. Although large differences in specific discharge and storage zone area explain inter‐site differences in nitrate uptake, other unmeasured variables, such as available organic carbon and microbial community composition, are likely important for predicting differences in nitrate uptake between sites with similar specific discharge rates and storage zone areas, such as when making intra‐site comparisons. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multivariate statistical analysis of underground gas storage caverns on groundwater chemistry in Korea

An understanding of groundwater flow and chemistry is important to operate underground storage caverns. Groundwater flow is mainly affected by cavern operating conditions. Groundwater chemistry is modified by disinfection activities for removing possible biological clogging and by mixing with cement pore water. It is important to discern these two effects, because wells affected by the disinfection activities may have hydrological connections with water curtains used to inject the disinfectant. However, it is difficult to separate these two effects using graphical methods because of their similar chemical characteristics. Instead, multivariate statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA), can be used. Groundwater samples for chemical analysis were obtained from four surveys in 1999–2000. Based on the results from PCA and FA, it appears that there were temporal variations of seepage water into the propane area when the cavern operation fluctuated, but we could not observe such variation in the butane area. These changes may occur mainly at depth, where water flow is slow and water renewal in the cavern surrounding is limited. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城市中尺度自动气象站监测网建设与应用——以广西南宁为例

简要论述了自动气象站建设的重要性以及国内地面自动站的发展概况；介绍了广西南宁市中尺度自动气象站的布局和自动气象站主控数据处理中心的建设情况；详细论述了基于Linux平台的南宁市中尺度自动气象站SYBASE数据库系统的建立、数据处理以及业务应用系统的开发应用情况，并对自动站资料在城市天气预报、环境预报等预报领域以及在政府决策网、公众网以及专业气象服务中的应用前景进行了展望。     

Mechanisms and pathways of lateral flow on aspen‐forested,Luvisolic soils,Western Boreal Plains,Alberta, Canada

Rainfall simulation experiments by Redding and Devito ( 2008 , Hydrological Processes 23: 4287–4300) on two adjacent plots of contrasting antecedent soil moisture storage on an aspen‐forested hillslope on the Boreal Plain showed that lateral flow generation occurred only once large soil storage capacity was saturated combined with a minimum event precipitation of 15–20 mm. This paper extends the results of Redding and Devito ( 2008 , Hydrological Processes 23: 4287–4300) with detailed analysis of pore pressure, soil moisture and tracer data from the rainfall simulation experiments, which is used to identify lateral flow generation mechanisms and flow pathways. Lateral flow was not generated until soils were wet into the fine textured C horizon. Lateral flow occurred dominantly through the clay‐rich Bt horizon by way of root channels. Lateral flow during the largest event was dominated by event water, and precipitation intensity was critical in lateral flow generation. Lateral flow was initiated as preferential flow near the soil surface into root channels, followed by development of a perched water table at depth, which also interacted with preferential flow pathways to move water laterally by the transmissivity feedback mechanism. The results indicate that lateral flow generated by rainfall on these hillslopes is uncommon because of the generally high available soil moisture storage capacity and the low probability of rainfall events of sufficient magnitude and intensity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

复杂野外地质属性数据的快速采集方法探讨

研究、开发计算机辅助填图系统的野外数据采集子系统的关键是要解决快速采集数据的问题。通过编制特别的野外数据录入专用软件 ,把数据库的前端和后端分离 ,使用多数据表单界面录入技术和标准词条的屏幕提示录入技术 ,大量使用组合快捷键 ,采用动态数据模型技术 ,综合集成先进设备和空间坐标的实时自动捕获等方法 ,可以有效提高野外地质数据的采集速度。     

中国极地冰冻圈数据库设计

以世界各国极地冰冻圈数据为基础，我国极地冰雪数据为核心，全面、系统地存储南极和北极地区冰盖、冰川、冻土、积雪、海冰、冰雪化学、地形等方面的基础信息和观测资料，建成了我国极地冰冻圈数据库，在Windows NT平台上，利用Power Builder和Visual C^ 语言开发客户／服务器（Client/Server)模式下的数据库管理系统（SQL Server），其中空间地形数据与地理信息系统软件ARC／INFO）格式兼容，极地冰冻圈数据库系统与国际互联网（Internet)相连接，通过建立极地冰冻圈数据库系统网页，向用户提供WWW服务网址，用户在权限范围内可以方便地实现对网上资源的检索、浏览、打印、下载等所有功能。     

一种实用的等值线型数据网格化方法

数据网格化通常包括三大类:测线型数据网格化、等值线型数据网格化和离散点型数据网格化。文中研究的等值线型数据分块存储、网格点八方位搜索插值的网格化方法较好地解决了平面等值线型数字化数据的网格化计算问题,其计算数据量大,实用性强,精度高,计算速度快。