Assessment of Nitrate—Nitrogen Distribution in Kansas Groundwater, 1990–1998

Nitrate-nitrogen (nitrate-N) in groundwater is a potential problem in many parts of Kansas.From 1990 to 1998, 747 water samples were collected from domestic, irrigation, monitoring,and public water supply wells primarily from the western two-thirds of the state, and analyzedfor nitrate-N by the Kansas Geological Survey. Nitrate-N concentrations of the 747 samplesanalyzed range from 29% with less than or equal to 3 mg/L, 51% between 3 and 10 mg/L,and 20% greater than or equal to 10 mg/L. Factors that show a statistically significantrelationship with the occurrence of nitrate-N in Kansas groundwater in this assessment includegeographic area of the state, depth of well, and age of well. Nitrate-N levels of wells screenedin the High Plains aquifer in south-central Kansas showed a statistically higher concentrationthan samples collected from the High Plains aquifer in the western portion of the state.Comparison of nitrate-N with depth of well indicated that shallower wells throughout the stategenerally have higher nitrate-N values than deeper wells. Irrigation wells older than 1975showed statistically higher nitrate-N concentration than wells installed during and since 1975,possibly related to changes in well-construction practices and regulations that occurred in 1975.     

中国国家自然地图集Internet版的设计和研制

本文系统阐述了国家自然地图集Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ版的设计和研制过程中的若干问题,包括系统的概念设计、系统开发中的ＷｅｂＧＩＳ技术和策略,系统的主要功能和特色,以及系统维护和更新方案等。本系统从概念设计来看分为服务器端软件模块、浏览器端软件模块、国家自然地图集数据库支持等几个部分。系统开发中采取的ＷｅｂＧＩＳ技术和策略有:兼顾服务器端和客户端的综合型ＷｅｂＧＩＳ策略,基于Ｊａｖａ Ａｐｐｌｅｔ的 ＷｅｂＧＩＳ浏览器开发技术,基于Ｍａｐ Ｏｂｊｅｃｔ(ＭＯ)的ＷｅｂＧＩＳ服务器开发技术等３个方面。在系统的主要功能特色方面,本文从以下５个方面进行了论述:科学有序的内容结构、清晰精练并带导航的界面、富有特色的信息查询功能、多重表达的地图可视化效果、一定的空间信息分析和制图功能。在系统维护和更新方案上,本文从网络技术、数据更新、功能开发３个方面介绍了计划,并对今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

2020年古冶MS5.1地震序列微震检测及活动性研究

2020年7月12日河北省古冶(39.78°N, 118.44°E)发生M_S5.1地震, 震源深度10 km.本文通过对其周边500 km范围内的84个固定台站连续观测地震数据, 采用基于图形处理器的模板匹配定位识别技术(GPU-M&L)对地震前后(2020年6月1日至2020年8月31日)共三个月的连续数据进行了微震检测和地震活动性分析.我们首先从台网目录的362个古冶地震序列事件中挑选了信噪比较高的118个地震作为模板, 通过模板扫描和检测, 获得共1017个地震, 约为台网目录的2.8倍, 然后运用双差定位方法(hypoDD)对669个地震事件进行了重定位.最后我们对古冶地震的事件序列进行时空分布、震源机制解以及b值空间分布等分析.结果显示古冶M_S5.1地震前, 震中区周边地震活动性显著, 地震前后地震序列分布优势方向为NE向, 震源深度方向近直立分布; 发震断裂为唐山—古冶断裂或其延伸部分, 与1976年唐山M_S7.8地震同为唐山断裂带, 发震断层走向基本一致.据此, 我们推测古冶M_S5.1地震是1976年唐山M_S7.8地震后余震区应力调整所触发.

     

城市暴雨内涝模拟模型优化与精度验证

本文采用“Vegetation-Impervious Surface-Soil”模型和线性光谱混合分解方法,获取像元中不透水面、植被、土壤覆盖信息,用于计算SCS模型产流参数综合CN（Curve Number）值;基于土地利用类型,采用经验值与数值实验逐步求精相结合的方法,确定水动力汇流模型参数曼宁系数,并用实测积水数据验证两次参数修正的模拟效果。以上海中心城区为例进行验证,研究结果表明：①将采用V-I-S模型得到的不透水面、植被、土壤信息设定CN值,能够降低积水分布的极值化现象,提高SCS产流模型产流量和产流分布精度;②采用经验法和数值模拟逐步求精法,按土地利用类型设定曼宁系数,使各时段最大积水深度高于原模型,说明曼宁系数是汇流模型的敏感参数。     

Impacts of Climatic Factors on Runoff Coefficients in Source Regions of the Huanghe River

Runoff coefficients of the source regions of the Huanghe River in 1956–2000 were analyzed in this paper. In the 1990s runoff of Tangnaihai Hydrologic Station of the Huanghe River experienced a serious decrease, which had at- tracted considerable attention. Climate changes have important impact on the water resources availability. From the view of water cycling, runoff coefficients are important indexes of water resources in a particular catchment. Kalinin baseflow separation technique was improved based on the characteristics of precipitation and streamflow. After the separation of runoff coefficient (R/P), baseflow coefficient (Br/P) and direct runoff coefficient (Dr/P) were estimated. Statistic analyses were applied to assessing the impact of precipitation and temperature on runoff coefficients (including Dr/P, Br/P and R/P). The results show that in the source regions of the Huanghe River, mean annual baseflow coefficient was higher than mean annual direct runoff coefficient. Annual runoff coefficients were in direct proportion to annual pre- cipitation and in inverse proportion to annual mean temperature. The decrease of runoff coefficients in the 1990s was closely related to the decrease in precipitation and increase in temperature in the same period. Over different sub-basins of the source regions of the Huanghe River, runoff coefficients responded differently to precipitation and temperature. In the area above Jimai Hydrologic Station where annual mean temperature is –3.9oC, temperature is the main factor in- fluencing the runoff coefficients. Runoff coefficients were in inverse relation to temperature, and precipitation had nearly no impact on runoff coefficients. In subbasin between Jimai and Maqu Hydrologic Station Dr/P was mainly affected by precipitation while R/P and Br/P were both significantly influenced by precipitation and temperature. In the area be-tween Maqu and Tangnaihai hydrologic stations all the three runoff coefficients increased with the rising of annual precipitation, while direct runoff coefficient was inversely proportional to temperature. In the source regions of the Huanghe River with the increase of average annual temperature, the impacts of temperature on runoff coefficients be-come insignificant.     

基于LTE Cat-1的无线静力水准仪系统设计

为解决工程中建筑结构不均匀沉降的监测问题,以连通器作为基本理论,使用嵌入式实时操作系统（FreeRTOS）,设计一种基于LTE Cat-1的无线静力水准仪系统。系统分为数据采集终端、数据基站和客户端3个部分,其中数据采集终端主要由压强传感器、ZigBee终端及Cortex-M3微控制器等组成,利用ZigBee终端建立多个数据采集节点;数据基站由ZigBee协调器、Cortex-M3微控制器、Wi-Fi模块及LTE Cat-1等组成,ZigBee协调器收集多个终端的数据,用户可通过PC端或移动端连接设备Wi-Fi对数据进行现场查看,LTE Cat-1模块将数据上传至服务器;客户端主要是针对质检中心或从事市政工程行业的人员设计的,方便查看现场监测结果。现场测试结果表明,该系统能够完成沉降数据的采集与稳定上传,测量精度达到mm级。     

COUNTERURBANIZATION IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY*

Since Berry argued in 1976 that counterurbanization had replaced urbanization in the U.S., a debate has ensued as to whether the phenomenon also exists in Western Europe. Proponents of a developmental theory of counterurbanization contend that the phenomenon should be evident in countries which have achieved a very high level of socioeconomic development, including the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). Most of the German and English language literature on the topic suggests the contrary for the FRG. Here urbanization and counterurbanization are restricted to specific geographic meanings, i.e., spatial agglomeration and deglomeration. Results from four interrelated tests show a trend toward counterurbanization evident as early as the 1960s in the post-war regional demographic data of the FRG.     

基础地理信息的保密政策问题

首先讨论了基础地理信息及基础地理信息保密政策的基本概念,进而通过对国外地理信息安全保密政策的研究,提出了六点分析结论;随后,对我国现行基础地理信息保密规定现状及存在的主要问题进行了分析,最后提出了完善我国基础地理信息保密政策的具体建议。     

中国省际市场分割程度的时空格局及影响因素

基于2001~2015年中国省级面板数据,测算省级市场分割综合指数,揭示区域市场分割时空格局及演变规律,构建空间计量经济模型分析省际市场分割的影响因素。研究发现：① 全国市场分割程度总体波动式减小,市场分割程度呈现西高东低的趋势;② 区域市场分割程度具有明显的空间自相关性,且集聚现象越发明显;③ 国有经济比重在一定程度上加速本地区市场分割过程,而城镇化进程、财政支出、对外贸易、技术差距和基础设施建设则有助于消除本地区市场分割。     

从硫酸锂粗矿中分离富集锂的实验研究

针对从西藏查波措盐湖卤水中获得的硫酸锂粗矿,开展从该矿物中分离提取锂的研究。根据该矿物的组成,设计了去除与锂离子共存的镁、硫酸根等主要离子的工艺路线,通过除镁、硫酸根、钙等过程和蒸发浓缩、结晶分离等步骤,得到了杂质离子含量较低的富锂溶液。实验对除镁步骤的加水量、加料方式、反应时间、Ca O加入量等反应关键控制因素进行了考察,确定了较优的分离条件。