富闪深成岩的成因及其地球动力学意义

富闪深成岩是一套以角闪石为标志矿物的侵入杂岩,可由角闪石岩、角闪辉长岩、角闪闪长岩、(英云)闪长岩、黑云母花岗岩等不同酸度系列的岩石组成。在元素地球化学方面,富闪深成岩可呈低钾拉斑质、钙碱性或钾玄质,富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素。起源于经俯冲作用改造的岩石圈地幔或软流圈地幔部分熔融的基性母岩浆通过分离结晶、同化-混染,或与壳源岩浆混合,形成富闪深成岩系列中不同的岩性端元。高水含量作为富闪岩浆体系的基本特征不仅塑造了杂岩体的标志性角闪石矿物学特征,也主导了岩浆的钙碱性演化趋势。富闪杂岩形成环境相对特殊,通常产于板块会聚终末期的洋脊-海沟交互场景和后碰撞阶段,并受到同时期区域构造作用控制。基于野外产出上的共生性和地球化学的相似性,富闪深成岩与高Ba-Sr花岗岩、晚太古代赞岐岩类存在密切的成因关联,对其进行类比研究,不仅有助于富闪深成岩成因解析,也可为探讨大陆地壳生长-分异机制及地球早期构造体制提供崭新视角。最后,作为显生宙克拉通早期破坏过程的重要岩浆记录,华北克拉通北缘发育的多期晚古生代富闪深成杂岩有望为揭开富闪深成岩成因和地球动力学奥秘提供重要的野外实验室。     

Simultaneous operation of opposing reaction mechanisms: The influence of matrix heterogeneity on post-kinematic garnet crystallization in an inverted metamorphic sequence

Metapelites from the inverted Barrovian sequence in the Sikkim Himalaya (northeast India) are shown to be largely continuous with respect to their bulk rock compositions, microstructures and pressure–temperature–time–deformation (P–T–t–D) histories. However, the upper garnet–lower staurolite zone demarcates a region of microstructurally anomalous post-kinematic garnet populations contained within strongly segregated matrices. The different microstructures within samples from this region cannot be attributed to differences in their thermobarometric histories or bulk compositions, but are instead interpreted to represent an otherwise unexposed level of the Daling Group that is now exposed along a post-metamorphic thrust splay. These heterogeneous samples contain several discrete garnet populations that progressively crystallized with increasing P–T. Garnet populations that experienced the most protracted growth now form complex polycrystals that exhibit crystallographically controlled and morphologically irregular interfaces adjacent to micaceous and quartzofeldspathic domains respectively. Electron backscatter diffraction indicates that these polycrystalline garnet structures contain numerous coalesced porphyroblasts that are structurally uncorrelated across their grain boundaries. However, a crystallographically preferred orientation at the polycrystal scale is interpreted to derive from epitaxial crystallization of early-formed garnet porphyroblasts on precursor mica. Later-nucleated porphyroblasts within polycrystals preferentially concentrated towards quartzofeldspathic domains, with the overall nucleation distribution likely controlled by a complex interplay between chemical heterogeneities, strain partitioning and epitaxial crystallization. The subsequent growth of these polycrystals was equally spatially heterogeneous; it was moderated by differences in the efficiency of grain boundary transfer between quartzofeldspathic and micaceous domains that precluded thin section-scale chemical equilibration. In contrast to samples from Sikkim containing more typical porphyroblastic populations in continuous and disseminated matrices, heterogeneous availability of garnet-forming components within this strongly layered matrix is shown to have resulted in grain-scale variations in growth rates and the spatial juxtapositioning of interface-controlled microstructures and locally equilibrated chemical compositions with those that were transport controlled.     

内生碳酸岩型稀土矿床中磷酸盐作用研究综述

碳酸岩型稀土矿床是全球稀土最主要的来源。磷酸盐是该成矿体系中常见的组分,但对其在碳酸岩稀土成矿过程中的具体作用仍缺少系统的认识。本文综述了磷酸盐在碳酸岩岩浆形成、演化和稀土富集成矿过程中作用,并提出现存问题和研究展望。磷在碳酸盐熔体中具有很高的溶解度。磷的存在有利于稀土在地幔极低程度部分熔融过程和碳酸盐—硅酸盐液态不混溶过程中优先进入碳酸盐熔体,形成初始碳酸岩熔体中稀土的预富集。碳酸岩岩浆演化过程中,稀土将优先进入到不混溶的磷酸盐熔体或独居石和磷灰石等磷酸盐矿物中,这些熔体和矿物的行为很可能是控制体系中稀土行为和成矿潜力的关键因素。岩浆作用过程中形成的富稀土磷酸盐矿物还可为热液阶段稀土矿化提供成矿物质来源。磷酸盐还是热液过程中稀土的有效沉淀剂,有利于轻重稀土矿物在流体晚期阶段成矿。未来工作应更多关注磷酸盐在碳酸岩岩浆演化过程中的作用及其中重稀土的富集机理研究,针对具体成岩成矿过程开展实验岩石学和熔体包裹体研究。     

宁镇中段岩浆带杂岩体的斜长石矿物学研究

运用光学显微镜、X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜微区能谱分析等手段,宁镇中段岩浆岩带安基山、伏牛山、西银坑、洪水宕、铜山、下蜀等杂岩体的斜长石斑晶的某些成因矿物学特点及其与岩浆演化分异特征的关系进行研究。结果表明:研究区中酸性岩体的斜长石主要为更-拉长石,韵律环带发育,形成经历了5个形成阶段,具有两种类型:一是核心为基性斜长石的正-反环带交互生长的斜长石;二是核心为中性斜长石的反-正环带交互发育的斜长石。研究还表明,斜长石各形成经历阶段、特别是晚期环境变化越和缓,岩浆分异程度越高。与其他各岩体相比较,西银坑、铜山岩体斜长石牌号明显偏高,反环带最发育,反映其岩浆同化混染更显著,而西银坑岩体岩浆结晶全程温度、K,Na,Ca组分相对活度波动频率更高,幅度更大。结合各岩体全岩及斜长石斑晶的成矿元素含量分析(Cu,Pb,Zn),认为岩浆结晶晚期分异充分,温度和K,Na,Ca组分相对活度波动和缓的铜山、安基山、伏牛山岩体是区内Cu多金属找矿的主要目标岩体。     

辽河裂谷东部凹陷粗面岩成因机理探讨

在渤海湾诸盆地中, 唯独辽河盆地东部凹陷发育粗面岩, 引起了国内地质学界的广泛关注。本文通过岩石学特征、构造运动背景和形成环境的综合分析认为: 粗面岩的原始岩浆来源于上地幔的较深部位, 与玄武岩等火成岩属同源岩浆, 但粗面岩经历了更长时间的结晶分异作用; 形成粗面岩的岩浆, 在上涌过程中未经历任何地壳混杂作用, 外部环境属于水下喷发; 构造运动是岩浆活动和火成岩岩性发育及其分布的内因, 东部凹陷沙三中段沉积时期所特有构造运动背景造就了粗面岩发育的内外部环境。     

Petrology of gabbroic xenoliths in 1960 Kilauea basalt: crystalline remnants of prior (1955) magmatism

The 1960 Kapoho lavas of Kilauea’s east rift zone contain 1–10 cm xenoliths of olivine gabbro, olivine gabbro-norite, and gabbro norite. Textures are poikilitic (ol+sp+cpx in pl) and intergranular (cpx+pl±ol±opx). Poikilitic xenoliths, which we interpret as cumulates, have the most primitive mineral compositions, Fo_82.5, cpx Mg# 86.5, and An_80.5. Many granular xenoliths (ol and noritic gabbro) contain abundant vesicular glass that gives them intersertal, hyaloophitic, and overall ‘open’ textures to suggest that they represent ‘mush’ and ‘crust’ of a magma crystallization environment. Their phase compositions are more evolved (Fo_80–70, cpx Mg# 82–75, and An_73–63) than those of the poikilitic xenoliths. Associated glass is basaltic, but evolved (MgO 5 wt%; TiO₂ 3.7–5.8 wt%). The gabbroic xenolith mineral compositions fit existing fractional crystallization models that relate the origins of various Kilauea lavas to one another. FeO/MgO crystal–liquid partitioning is consistent with the poikilitic ol-gabbro assemblage forming as a crystallization product from Kilauea summit magma with ∼8 wt% MgO that was parental to evolved lavas on the east rift zone. For example, least squares calculations link summit magmas to early 1955 rift-zone lavas (∼5 wt% MgO) through ∼28–34% crystallization of the ol+sp+cpx+pl that comprise the poikilitic ol-gabbros. The other ol-gabbro assemblages and the olivine gabbro-norite assemblages crystallized from evolved liquids, such as represented by the early 1955 and late 1955 lavas (∼6.5 wt% MgO) of the east rift zone. The eruption of 1960 Kapoho magmas, then, scoured the rift-zone reservoir system to entrain portions of cumulate and solidification zones that had coated reservoir margins during crystallization of prior east rift-zone magmas. Received: January 7, 1993/Accepted: November 23, 1993     

不同类型基性层状侵入体的成因

论述了不同类型基性层状侵入体的成因。根据母岩浆特征划分出玄武岩浆侵入体和拉斑玄武岩浆侵入体两大类。     

Multiple levels of magma storage during the 1980 summer eruptions of Mount St. Helens, WA

Transitions in eruptive style—explosive to effusive, sustained to pulsatory—are a common aspect of volcanic activity and present a major challenge to volcano monitoring efforts. A classic example of such transitions is provided by the activity of Mount St. Helens, WA, during 1980, where a climactic Plinian event on May 18 was followed by subplinian and vulcanian eruptions that became increasing pulsatory with time throughout the summer, finally progressing to episodic growth of a lava dome. Here we use variations in the textures, glass compositions and volatile contents of melt inclusions preserved in pyroclasts produced by the summer 1980 eruptions to determine conditions of magma ascent and storage that may have led to observed changes in eruptive activity. Five different pyroclast types identified in pyroclastic flow and fall deposits produced by eruptions in June 12, July 22 and August 7, 1980, provide evidence for multiple levels of magma storage prior to each event. Highly vesicular clasts have H₂O-rich (4.5–5.5 wt%) melt inclusions and lack groundmass microlites or hornblende reaction rims, characteristics that require magma storage at P≥160 MPa until shortly prior to eruption. All other clast types have groundmass microlites; P_H20 estimated from both H₂O-bearing melt inclusions and textural constraints provided by decompression experiments suggest pre-eruptive storage pressures of ∼75, 40, and 10 MPa. The distribution of pyroclast types within and between eruptive deposits can be used to place important constraints on eruption mechanisms. Fall and flow deposits from June 12, 1980, lack highly vesicular, microlite-free pyroclasts. This eruption was also preceded by a shallow intrusion on June 3, as evidenced by a seismic crisis and enhanced SO₂ emissions. Our constraints suggest that magma intruded to a depth of ≤4 km beneath the crater floor fed the June eruption. In contrast, eruptions of July and August, although shorter in duration and smaller in volume, erupted deep volatile-rich magma. If modeled as a simple cylinder, these data require a step-wise decrease in effective conduit diameter from 40–50 m in May and June to 8–12 m in July and August. The abundance of vesicular (intermediate to deep) clast types in July and August further suggests that this change was effected by narrowing the shallower part of the conduit, perhaps in response to solidification of intruded magma remaining in the shallow system after the June eruption. Eruptions from July to October were distinctly pulsatory, transitioning between subplinian and vulcanian in character. As originally suggested by Scandone and Malone (1985), a growing mismatch between the rate of magma ascent and magma disruption explains the increasingly pulsatory nature of the eruptions through time. Recent fragmentation experiments Spieler et al. (2004) suggest this mismatch may have been aided by the multiple levels at which magma was stored (and degassed) prior to these events.Editorial responsibility: J Stix     

Formation, Crystallization, and Migration of Melt in the Mid-orogenic Crust: Muskoka Domain Migmatites, Grenville Province, Ontario

Migmatitic orthogneisses in the Muskoka domain, southwesternGrenville Province, Ontario, formed during the Ottawan stage(c. 1080–1050 Ma) of the Grenvillian orogeny. Stromaticmigmatites are volumetrically dominant, comprising granodioriticgneisses with 2–5 cm thick granitic leucosomes, locallyrimmed by thin melanosomes, that constitute 20–30 vol.%, and locally 40–50 vol. %, of the outcrops. Patch migmatitesin dioritic gneisses form large (>10 m) pinch-and-swell structureswithin the stromatic migmatites, and consist of decimetre-scale,irregular patches of granitic leucosome, surrounded by medium-grainedhornblende–plagioclase melanosomes interpreted as restite.The patches connect to larger networks of zoned pegmatite dykes.Petrographic and geochemical evidence suggests that the patchleucosomes formed by 20–40% fluid-present, equilibriummelting of the dioritic gneiss, followed by feldspar-dominatedcrystallization. The dyke networks may have resulted from hydraulicfracturing, probably when the melts reached water saturationduring crystallization. Field and geochemical data from thestromatic migmatites suggest a similar petrogenesis to the patchmigmatites, but with significant additions of externally derivedmelts, indicating that they acted as conduits for melts derivedfrom deeper structural levels within the orogen. We hypothesizethat the Muskoka domain represents a transfer zone for meltsmigrating to higher structural levels during Grenvillian deformation. KEY WORDS: migmatite geochemistry; partial melting; melt crystallization; melt transport; Grenville orogen