GPS地壳形变监测网应变解算方法与程序设计

分析了在平面直角坐标系和大地坐标系内解算应变的方法及其特点,并以Matlab为开发平台,研制出一套在平面直角坐标系和大地坐标系中解算应变的程序GPSstrain。利用GPS监测网测站位移(速率),该程序能够解算剪切应变(γ1、γ2)、面应变、块体旋转、主应变及其方向、最大剪切应变及其方向,同时也可解算出这些应变分量的误差。另外该程序还具有高斯投影解算功能,根据各测站坐标能够自动形成所有的Delaunay三角形,并以图形方式显示。最后以实际算例给出了该解算程序的部分结果,并进行了初步的分析和讨论。     

伽师近场观测地震资料的三维Q值成像

为了研究震源区介质的物性特征,利用振幅谱拟合和有限差分三维Q值成像方法处理了伽师地震区临时台网的地震波形资料,获得了该地震区上地壳的S波三维Q值图像。结果表明:不同深度的Q值图像都存在低Q值带,主要展布方向为EW向、NNE向和NNW向,与研究区的柯坪断裂、羊达曼断裂和麦盖提断裂有一定的对应关系,并且NNE向的低Q值带与强震群分布和余震分布的条带位置接近,推测低Q值带可能是震源区的几条深部断裂。     

Exploring spatially varying and scale-dependent relationships between soil contamination and landscape patterns using geographically weighted regression

Landscape pattern is an important determinant of soil contamination at multiple scales, and a proper understanding of their relationship is essential for alleviating soil contamination and making decisions for land planners. Both soil contamination and landscape patterns are heterogeneous across spaces and scale-dependent, but most studies were carried out on a single scale and used the conventional multivariate analyses (e.g. correlation analysis, ordinary least squared regression-OLS) that ignored the issue of spatial autocorrelation. To move forward, this paper examined spatially varying relationships between agricultural soil trace metal contamination and landscape patterns at three block scales (i.e. 5 km × 5  km, 10 km × 10 km, 15 km × 15 km) in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), south China, using geographically weighted regression (GWR). This paper found that GWR performed better than OLS in terms of increasing R square of the model, lowering Akaike Information Criterion values and reducing spatial autocorrelation. GWR results revealed great spatial variations in the relationships across scales, with an increasing explanatory power of the model from small to large block scales. Despite a few negative correlations, more positive correlations were found between soil contamination and different aspects of landscape patterns of water, urban land and the whole landscape (i.e. the proportion, mean patch area, the degree of landscape fragmentation, landscape-level structural complexity, aggregation/connectivity, road density and river density). Similarly, more negative correlations were found between soil contamination and landscape patterns of forest and the distance to the river and industry land (p < 0.05). Furthermore, most significant correlations between soil contamination and landscape variables occurred in the western PRD across scales, which could be explained by the prevailing wind, the distribution of pollutant sources and the pathway of trace metal inputs.     

Crustal structure of the western Arafura Sea from ocean bottom seismograph data

Refraction data taken from ocean bottom seismograph recordings in the western Arafura Sea indicate a continental‐type structure for the region. This structure is characterised by a thin column (2 km) of sediments, with velocities ranging from about to 2 to 4 km s^‐1, overlying an essentially two layer crust. The compressional wave velocities in the upper and lower crust are 5.97 and 6.52 km s^‐1, respectively, with the boundary between the layers at a depth of 11 km. Very weak mantle‐refracted arrivals with a velocity of about 8.0 km s^‐1 were recorded. Large‐amplitude, later arrivals, beginning at distances near 100 and 150 km, have been interpreted to be part of the retrograde branches from the 8.0 and 7.33 km s^‐1 layers, respectively. Model studies indicate that a small positive velocity gradient is required between 17 and 30 km, and that the Moho is at a depth of 34 km. A third set of large amplitude, later arrivals starting at a distance near 250 km has been interpreted as most probably multiple refraction‐reflection arrivals from the 5.97 and 6.52 km s^‐1 layers. Correlation of this structure with the stratigraphic logs from exploratory oil wells in the Arafura Sea using layer velocities indicates that rocks younger than Jurassic appear to thin towards the east.     

岩石Kaiser效应测地应力原理中的若干问题研究

该文通过对几种不同类型岩石的实验研究，提出了关于在围压条件下影响岩石Kaiser效应的若干问题，分析了它们的声发射特征，为深部地应力测量提供了一种新的解决方法。     

各向异性和倾斜界面介质中P波质点运动的理论模拟与应用

P波质点运动已经成为研究地震台站下方浅部地壳S波速度结构的一种重要手段.然而,现有研究主要基于水平层状各向同性介质的假设,对于各向异性和倾斜界面对P波质点运动的影响仍缺乏系统研究.本文通过理论模拟初步研究了各向异性和倾斜界面情况下的P波质点运动特征.模拟结果表明,各向异性和倾斜界面会使P波质点运动随反方位发生周期性变化,而且这种变化具有频率依赖性,反映了结构的垂向变化.四川盆地是研究青藏高原生长与物质外向逃逸的重要场所.本研究以盆地内部的宽频带流动地震台站S124为例,探讨利用P波质点运动研究浅部地壳各向异性和界面几何结构的可行性.研究结果显示,台站下方~4-5 km以浅的地壳具有明显各向异性（~20%）,且其快轴方向（近东西向）与川中走滑断裂带走向一致.这表明研究区浅部地壳的变形模式可能主要受到断裂构造的控制.本研究的理论模拟和初步应用均表明,利用不同频率P波质点运动的反方位变化能够有效约束浅部地壳的各向异性和/或界面几何结构.

     

塔里木盆地克深2区块储层裂缝数值模拟研究

储层裂缝定量预测是塔里木盆地克拉苏构造带克深2区块后期开发工作的重要保障。在对单井裂缝特征进行描述以及通过构造解析和反演拟合确定古今地应力的基础上,建立了研究区的力学模型,并结合地应力与裂缝参数之间的定量关系,对克深2区块巴什基奇克组的储层裂缝进行了数值模拟。结果显示,断层带是裂缝各项参数的高值区,背斜顶部具有裂缝线密度低而裂缝开度、裂缝孔隙度和裂缝渗透率高的特征,背斜翼部则与之相反。分析其原因认为,断层带附近裂缝密度大,沟通了单砂体,背斜高部位相对翼部裂缝密度低,但裂缝整体开度大,充填程度弱,有效性高。数值模拟结果与单井岩心裂缝、成像裂缝解释结果匹配较好,预测开发井裂缝渗透率符合率约75%,为塔里木盆地克拉苏构造带克深区块的天然气勘探与开发提供了一定依据。     

GPS monitoring of vertical ground motion in northern Ardenne–Eifel: five campaigns (1999–2003) of the HARD project

We present the HARD project of GPS monitoring of vertical ground motion in NE Ardenne and Eifel (western Europe). Its main purposes are to get a better insight into the present-day rates of vertical ground motion in intraplate settings and to identify the various causes of these motions. Since 1999, we have carried out yearly campaigns of simultaneous GPS measurements at 12 sites situated so as to sample the different tectonic subunits of the study area and especially to record potential displacements across the seismogenic Hockai fault zone. Five campaigns (1999–2003) have been processed currently. Key issues of the data processing with the Gamit software are discussed and first results are presented. Though temporally consistent in many cases, the obtained vertical motion rates are spatially highly variable. They are also much too high (several mm/year) to support a tectonic interpretation, and a long-term influence of groundwater level variations is proposed to account for the observed motions. This influence should be distinguished from seasonal variations and from inter-survey variations linked to the varying degree of soil and subsoil drying off during the successive spring surveys.