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51.
C Werner G Chiodini D Voigt S Caliro R Avino M Russo T Brombach J Wyngaard S Brantley 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2003,210(3-4):561-577
An eddy covariance (EC) station was deployed at Solfatara crater, Italy, June 8–25, 2001 to assess if EC could reliably monitor CO2 fluxes continuously at this site. Deployment at six different locations within the crater allowed areas of focused gas venting to be variably included in the measured flux. Turbulent (EC) fluxes calculated in 30-min averages varied between 950 and 4460 g CO2 m−2 d−1; the highest measurements were made downwind of degassing pools. Comparing turbulent fluxes with chamber measurements of surface fluxes using footprint models in diffuse degassing regions yielded an average difference of 0% (±4%), indicating that EC measurements are representative of surface fluxes at this volcanic site. Similar comparisons made downwind of degassing pools yielded emission rates from 12 to 27 t CO2 d−1 for these features. Reliable EC measurements (i.e. measurements with sufficient and stationary turbulence) were obtained primarily during daytime hours (08:00 and 20:00 local time) when the wind speed exceeded 2 m s−1. Daily average EC fluxes varied by ±50% and variations were likely correlated to changes in atmospheric pressure. Variations in CO2 emissions due to volcanic processes at depth would have to be on the same order of magnitude as the measured diurnal variability in order to be useful in predicting volcanic hazard. First-order models of magma emplacement suggest that emissions could exceed this rate for reasonable assumptions of magma movement. EC therefore provides a useful method of monitoring volcanic hazard at Solfatara. Further, EC can monitor significantly larger areas than can be monitored by previous methods. 相似文献
52.
The subvertical Kuckaus Mylonite Zone (KMZ) is a km-wide, crustal-scale, Proterozoic, dextral strike-slip shear zone in the Aus granulite terrain, SW Namibia. The KMZ was active under retrograde, amphibolite to greenschist facies conditions, and deformed felsic (and minor mafic) gneisses which had previously experienced granulite facies metamorphism during the Namaqua Orogeny. Lenses of pre- to syn-tectonic leucogranite bodies are also deformed in the shear zone. Pre-KMZ deformation (D1) is preserved as moderately dipping gneissic foliations and tightly folded migmatitic layering. Shear strain within the KMZ is heterogeneous, and the shear zone comprises anastomosing high strain ultramylonite zones wrapping around less deformed to nearly undeformed lozenges. Strain is localized along the edge of leucogranites and between gneissic lozenges preserving D1 migmatitic foliations. Strain localization appears controlled by pre-existing foliations, grain size, and compositional anisotropy between leucogranite and granulite. The local presence of retrograde minerals indicate that fluid infiltration occurred in places, but most ultramylonite in the KMZ is free of retrograde minerals. In particular, rock composition and D1 fabric heterogeneity are highlighted as major contributors to the strain distribution in time and space, with deformation localization along planes of rheological contrast and along pre-existing foliations. Therefore, the spatial distribution of strain in crustal-scale ductile shear zones may be highly dependent on lithology and the orientation of pre-existing fabric elements. In addition, foliation development and grain size reduction in high strain zones further localizes strain during progressive shear, maintaining the anastomosing shear zone network established by the pre-existing heterogeneity. 相似文献
53.
Multifractal modeling and spatial statistics 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
In general, the multifractal model provides more information about measurements on spatial objects than a fractal model. It also results in mathematical equations for the covariance function and semivariogram in spatial statistics which are determined primarily by the second-order mass exponent. However, these equations can be approximated by power-law relations which are comparable directly to equations based on fractal modeling. The multifractal approach is used to describe the underlying spatial structure of De Wijs 's example of zinc values from a sphalerite-bearing quartz vein near Pulacayo, Bolivia. It is shown that these data are multifractal instead of fractal, and that the second-order mass exponent (=0.979±0.011 for the example) can be used in spatial statistical analysis. 相似文献
54.
Mauro Cacace Ulf Bayer Anna Maria Marotta 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2008,97(5):899-913
The large-scale crustal deformations observed in the Central European Basin System (CEBS) are the result of the interplay
between several controlling factors, among which lateral rheological heterogeneities play a key role. We present a finite-element
integral thin sheet model of stress and strain distribution within the CEBS. Unlike many previous models, this study is based
on thermo-mechanical data to quantify the impact of lateral contrasts on the tectonic deformation. Elasto-plastic material
behaviour is used for both the mantle and the crust, and the effects of the sedimentary fill are also investigated. The consistency
of model results is ensured through comparisons with observed data. The results resemble the present-day dynamics and kinematics
when: (1) a weak granite-like lower crust below the Elbe Fault System is modelled in contrast to a stronger lower crust in
the area extending north of the Elbe Line throughout the Baltic region; and (2) a transition domain in the upper mantle is
considered between the shallow mantle of the Variscan domain and the deep mantle beneath the East European Craton (EEC), extending
from the Elbe Line in the south till the Tornquist Zone. The strain localizations observed along these structural contrasts
strongly enhance the dominant role played by large structural domains in stiffening the propagation of tectonic deformation
and in controlling the basin formation and the evolution in the CEBS. 相似文献
55.
In this paper, the Discrete Element Method (DEM) is employed to numerically explore the response of hollow cylinder specimens of granular soils under complex stress paths. Two series of numerical tests are conducted to clarify the effects of the principal stress direction α and the intermediate principal stress through the b-value on the mechanical response of granular materials. The effects of α and b-value on the non-coaxiality of the principal stress and the principal plastic strain increment directions are investigated. It is observed that b-value and α significantly affect the non-coaxial behavior of granular materials. Finally, the results are discussed and compared with those obtained from physical laboratory tests. 相似文献
56.
Nils-Otto Kitterrød Lars Gottschalk 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1997,11(6):459-482
Simulation of multigaussian stochastic fields can be made after a Karhunen-Loéve expansion of a given covariance function.
This method is also called simulation by Empirical Orthogonal Functions. The simulations are made by drawing stochastic coefficients
from a random generator. These numbers are multiplied with eigenfunctions and eigenvalues derived from the predefined covariance
model. The number of eigenfunctions necessary to reproduce the stochastic process within a predefined variance error, turns
out to be a cardinal question. Some ordinary analytical covariance functions are used to evaluate how quickly the series of
eigenfunctions can be truncated. This analysis demonstrates extremely quick convergence to 99.5% of total variance for the
2nd order exponential (‘gaussian’) covariance function, while the opposite is true for the 1st order exponential covariance
function. Due to these convergence characteristics, the Karhunen-Loéve method is most suitable for simulating smooth fields
with ‘gaussian’ shaped covariance functions. Practical applications of Karhunen-Loéve simulations can be improved by spatial
interpolation of the eigenfunctions. In this paper, we suggest interpolation by kriging and limits for reproduction of the
predefined covariance functions are evaluated. 相似文献
57.
2013年中国发射了首颗进行全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)掩星观测的气象卫星风云3号C星(Fengyun-3C,FY-3C),且已发布自2014年6月以来的FY-3C掩星大气产品,但目前还未见将其应用于大气边界层的相关研究.首次尝试利用FY-3C折射率... 相似文献
58.
提出了一种面向无线局域网(wireless local area network,WLAN)位置指纹匹配定位的动态自适应模型,借助多个基站的实时数据为稳健室内定位提供更新的匹配数据库——radio map。基于基站与radio map采样点之间的空间关联性,将基站数据和radio map分别作为多层神经网络的输入和输出,动态更新radio map;利用多元数据异常探测技术检验基站数据捕获环境的时空变化;根据探测结果采用顾及室内布局的数值内插和再训练的方式更新模型,从而使其适应环境的时空变化。在室内动态环境中进行了多次验证试验。试验结果显示,在时变因素作用下,相比较传统方法,采用所提模型的定位方法的平均误差至少下降10%;在空间变化因素(以信标移动为例)作用下,其他方法平均定位误差大幅增加了至少165%,而采用所提模型方法的平均定位误差只增加了10%~20%,定位精度维持在3m左右(即原始精度)。结果证明采用了所提模型的定位系统能够自适应环境的时空变化而保持原有定位表现。不过,与传统位置指纹匹配定位方法相比,该模型带来了更多的计算负荷。 相似文献
59.
60.
大地测量相关观测抗差估计理论 总被引:21,自引:4,他引:21
相关观测异常诊断、质量控制是测量数据处理领域亟待解决的难题之一。分别从方差膨胀模型和相关权元素压缩模型入手研究了相关观测的质量控制理论和方法;给出了误差影响函数;构造了方差膨胀函数和权因子收缩函数;利用观测量的等价协方差阵和等价权矩阵讨论了相关观测质量控制的计算方法。该等价协方差矩阵和等价权矩阵不仅保持了原有协方差矩阵和权矩阵的对称性,而且保持了原有协方差矩阵的相关性不变。计算结果表明异常观测的方差膨胀法和等价权法能有效地控制异常观测对参数估值的影响。 相似文献