关于“包装产品的计量标准型一次抽检方案”的确定

本文给出了“包装产品的计量标准型一次抽检方案”,并通过一个实例说明本方案比一般《计量标准型一次抽检方案》更为优越。     

水资源约束下西北干旱区河西走廊城市化发展模式

西北干旱区城市化进程受到水资源短缺及其用水结构不合理的双重约束。本文以甘肃河西走廊为例 ,针对河西走廊未来 30年总需水量阈值、经济总量阈值、总人口阈值和城市化水平阈值 ,认为最经济、最节水的城市化发展方针为禁止发展特大城市 ,有选择地培育一个大城市 ,积极发展中小城市 ,科学发展小城镇。据此提出了与水资源约束相适应的西北干旱区河西走廊城市化发展的 6种模式。即 :推行“产业移人”和“环境移民”为主、“人移产业”为辅的城市扩展模式 ;推行“分步到位”为主 ,“一步到位”为辅的城市生态移民模式 ;推行“退一进二”、“退乡进城”的城市用水转换模式 ;推行“节水量城”为主 ,“借水养市”为辅的节水型城市化模式 ;推行“稳粮兴草” ,“稳农强工” ,“活商旺城”的城市产业转换模式 ;推行“一核四极” ,“一轴三带”、“乡镇同兴”的“卅”字型城市空间推进模式     

洪水管理经济评价研究进展

洪水管理经济评价是践行洪水管理治水方略必不可少的环节。从洪水管理经济评价理论、洪灾损失评估以及洪水管理成本效益评估等方面综述了洪水管理经济评价的主要研究进展,分析了目前研究存在的不足,指出现有的防洪经济理论与方法已难以满足洪水管理决策对经济评价的要求。强调建立完善的洪水管理经济评价理论体系,扩展评价内容和范围,深入开展非工程措施效益、生态环境影响和社会公平等评价方法的研究是中国今后洪水管理经济评价研究的重点。     

基于网络流理论的输油管道的最大输送问题研究

在天然气管道网络系统的工艺设计方案中,对布站的站点选择主要取决于其运营成本的相互比较,但鉴于需求和供应之间的关系,还必须考虑管道的输送能力和站点的容量等问题。对于这样复杂化的问题,利用网络流理论的最大流问题和最小费用的最大流问题,建立了输油管道最大输送问题的网络优化模型,并通过实例说明其有效性和可靠性。为输油管道网系统的构建提供了一种新的优化方法,在天然气管道输送决策管理中具有一定的理论参考价值和现实意义。     

Marine reserve establishment and on-going management costs: A case study from New Zealand

While there is considerable international research focused on the conservation outcomes of marine protected areas (MPAs) and marine reserves (MRs) there is little information on the economic cost to establish and manage these protected areas. This study estimated the MR pre-establishment and establishment costs for the Taputeranga Marine Reserve (TMR) in New Zealand (NZ) and determined the annual management costs for this reserve and four further NZ MRs. Finally, the cost to local rock lobster fishers resulting from the displaced fishing effort once the TMR had been established was estimated. This research found that the TMR pre-establishment cost was approximately NZ$508,000, and the establishment process cost was approximately NZ$353,000. The annual management costs across the five reserves ranged between NZ$43,200 and NZ$112,500 between 2008/09 and 2010/11. The annual fishers displacement cost at TMR was approximately NZ$22,000 per annum. This research showed that on a unit area basis, small MRs in NZ are just as expensive to maintain as large MRs. This study also highlighted how volunteer effort helped to considerably reduce the monetary cost of the MR pre-establishment process. This research increases our understanding of establishment and management costs, and supports future planning of MRs both within NZ and internationally.     

Regional difference in social capital and its impact on regional economic growth in China

Social capital has played an increasingly important role in regional development. China is a country with high stocks of social capital. Using several different indicators of social capital, this study tries to research the regional disparities in social capital and the influence of social capital on economic growth of China in 1978–2004. Measuring social capital with indicators of associations, charities and blood donation rates, this study finds significant regional disparities in social capital at provincial level in China. Those indicators for social capital are highly correlated with regional economic performance. Statistical analysis shows that social capital has a significant and positive effect on a long-term provincial economic growth. This relationship exists after controlling policy, macro location factors, and per capita GDP in the initial year. The empirical findings indicate that institutions, culture and social relations are critical for regional development in China. Therefore, the creation and support of social capital should be paid more attention to when making regional policy.     

基于发展中国家自主贡献文件的资金需求评估

国家自主贡献文件是《巴黎协定》后发展中国家气候资金需求信息的重要载体。发展中国家的气候资金需求日益增长,而发达国家提供的气候资金存在的不平衡与不充分等问题,已成为当前气候资金议题的主要矛盾。因此,本文依据最新的151份发展中国家的国家自主贡献文件,深入分析发展中国家自主提出的未来气候资金需求,并评估了各国自主贡献资金需求的合理性。研究发现,151个发展中国家中有84个国家提出具体的国家自主贡献资金需求,其国家自主贡献时间框架内的资金需求总值达4.4万亿美元;分析48个同时提出减缓与适应资金需求以及21个同时提出国内与国外资金需求国家的国家自主贡献文件得到,发展中国家资金需求类别中用于减缓与适应的资金需求比例约为6?4,国外资金需求与国内资金需求比值约为7?3;基于国家自主贡献文件估算的发展中国家累积减排量到2030年约119 Gt CO₂-eq,自主贡献减排成本平均值为50美元/ t CO₂-eq;发展中国家2015—2030年国家自主贡献资金需求预期为1万亿~4万亿美元,年均700亿~2600亿美元,其中国际资金需求为0.7万亿~2.8万亿美元,年均500亿~1900亿美元。     

A spatial and statistical analysis of the impact of transformation of raster cost surfaces on the variation of least-cost paths

Planners who are involved in locational decision-making often use raster-based geographic information systems to quantify the value of land in terms of suitability or cost for a certain use. From a computational point of view, this process can be seen as a transformation of one or more sets of values associated with a grid of cells into another set of such values through a function reflecting one or more criteria. While it is generally anticipated that different transformations lead to different ‘best’ locations, little has been known on how such differences arise (or do not arise). The paper attempts to answer this question in the context of path planning through a series of computational experiments using a number of random landscape grids with a variety of spatial and nonspatial structures. In the experiments, we generated least-cost paths on a number of cost grids transformed from the landscape grids using a variety of transformation parameters and analyzed the locations and (weighted) lengths of those paths. Results show that the same pair of terminal cells may well be connected by different least-cost paths on different cost grids though derived from the same landscape grid and that the variation among those paths is affected by how given values are distributed in the landscape grid as well as by how derived values are distributed in the cost grids. Most significantly, the variation tends to be smaller when the landscape grid contains more distinct patches of cells potentially attracting or distracting cost-saving passage or when the cost grid contains a smaller number of low-cost cells.     

干旱区水资源费的构成与确定

干旱区水资源的稀缺性,使得确定缺水地区合理的水价体系,制定有效的水价政策,充分体现水资源的高"价值",成为合理利用水资源急需解决的问题。从分析水资源费的构成要素,并从边际机会成本的角度对水资源的价格进行了探讨,认为水资源的价格不是由其平均机会成本,而是由其边际机会成本决定的,水资源使用者所付的价格应等于社会负担的自然资源利用与耗竭的代价——边际机会成本。     

基于城镇用地和最小时间成本的城市影响区划分及其人口分析

以宁蒙沿黄地带为案例,基于城镇用地和最小交通时间成本划分城市影响区,分区统计影响区人口,将其与城市行政区非农人口的增速差进行统计分析。结果表明：基于城镇用地和最小交通时间成本的城市影响区划分边界更接近于行政区界;考虑城镇用地后大城市影响区扩展,考虑最小交通时间成本后小城市影响区相对扩展;以东胜区-伊旗为中心的地区非农人口增速始终显著高于潜在服务人口增速,这类城市应增强对周边县的扩散作用;以大武口-惠农区为中心的地区非农人口增速始终显著低于潜在服务人口增速,这类城市应加速产业与非农人口集聚。