GPS辅助光束法平差中观测值的自动定权

提出一种基于重复计算可靠性矩阵ＱＶＶＰ的逐次递归快速算法的观测值自动定权方法。试验证明,在ＧＰＳ辅助光束法区域网平差中,只要在迭代过程中逐次对各类观测值进行验后权估计和修正,迭代收敛时,虚拟的自检校观测值和漂移误差改正参数的权可被惟一确定,而真实观测值如地面控制点坐标、ＧＰＳ摄站坐标和ＧＰＳ天线偏心分量的权却随先验权的不同而略有变化。尽管如此,区域网平差仍能得到一致收敛的解,并且不会因此增加太大的计算量     

基于熵权的属性识别模型在地下水源地水质评价中的应用

为克服在一般水质综合评价过程中确定评价指标权重系数带有专家打分法的主观偏向性,利用Shannon熵理论客观地确定出水质评价指标的熵权系数,并结合程乾生提出的属性识别理论建立了基于熵权的地下水源地水质属性识别模型。首先,建立属性空间矩阵并确定权重,然后计算属性测度,最后利用置信度准则和评分准则对模型做出评价并给出了应用实例。该模型和作者应用SPA模型的评价结果具有很好的一致性。      

Far-zone contributions to the gravity field quantities by means of Molodensky’s truncation coefficients

To reduce the numerical complexity of inverse solutions to large systems of discretised integral equations in gravimetric geoid/quasigeoid modelling, the surface domain of Green’s integrals is subdivided into the near-zone and far-zone integration sub-domains. The inversion is performed for the near zone using regional detailed gravity data. The farzone contributions to the gravity field quantities are estimated from an available global geopotential model using techniques for a spherical harmonic analysis of the gravity field. For computing the far-zone contributions by means of Green’s integrals, truncation coefficients are applied. Different forms of truncation coefficients have been derived depending on a type of integrals in solving various geodetic boundary-value problems. In this study, we utilise Molodensky’s truncation coefficients to Green’s integrals for computing the far-zone contributions to the disturbing potential, the gravity disturbance, and the gravity anomaly. We also demonstrate that Molodensky’s truncation coefficients can be uniformly applied to all types of Green’s integrals used in solving the boundaryvalue problems. The numerical example of the far-zone contributions to the gravity field quantities is given over the area of study which comprises the Canadian Rocky Mountains. The coefficients of a global geopotential model and a detailed digital terrain model are used as input data.     

气候变化和人类活动对耕地格局变化的贡献归因综述

定量辨识气候变化和人类活动对耕地格局变化的贡献归因,是当今气候变化和土地利用变化领域的热点问题。目前研究大都结合耕地的时空变化格局和相关驱动因素进行双变量或多变量的定性分析,未进一步定量给出气候变化和人类活动的贡献程度。本文对国内外相关研究进行总结,介绍了定量评价气候变化和人类活动对耕地格局变化的贡献程度的5种主要研究方法,即模型分析法、数理统计法、框架分析法、指标评价法和差值比较法。综述了气候变化、人类活动以及两者共同作用对耕地格局变化的贡献归因的主要结论。总结了目前研究存在的方法综合性较差、数据全面性与准确性欠缺、尺度单一和解释片面等问题,针对以上问题,提出了从综合作用到具体因素的贡献程度归因评价的思路,并就数据、尺度与驱动力的解释问题提出了研究展望。     

刍议相关规范中关于单桩承载力计算的几点疑惑

国内相关规范中单桩抗压承载力设计计算方法分为特征值法及极限值法两类,单桩承载力均通过桩侧阻力与桩端阻力直接相加的方法得到,在概念及理论上均存在着不完善之处,主要原因是桩侧阻力与桩端阻力的力学特性及对变形的要求不同、不能同步发挥所致。相对来说,极限值设计法更直接、更可靠、更准确,概念更明确,且易于与国际接轨,建议规范优先采用。不同规范根据抗拔试验结果求取单桩抗拔承载力的计算方法存在矛盾,建议求取时桩的自重按天然重度计算、不考虑水的浮力。建议相关规范对以下两种现象进行深入研究：桩长超过有效长度后,单位长度侧摩阻力将会降低;部分工程中得到的抗拔桩的抗拔系数远小于相关规范推荐值,尤其是桩长较长时。     

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Antiaging activity of low molecular weight peptide from Paphia undulate

Low molecular weight peptide (LMWP) was prepared from clam Paphia undulate and its antiaging effect on D-galactose-induced acute aging in rats, aged Kunming mice, ultraviolet-exposed rats, and thermally injured rats was investigated. P. undulate flesh was homogenized and digested using papain under optimal conditions, then subjected to Sephadex G-25 chromatography to isolate the LMWP. Administration of LMWP significantly reversed D-galactose-induced oxidative stress by increasing the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT), and by decreasing the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). This process was accompanied by increased collagen synthesis. The LMWP prevented photoaging and promoted dermis recovery and remission of elastic fiber hyperplasia. Furthermore, treatment with the LMWP helped to regenerate elastic fibers and the collagen network, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the serum and significantly decreased MDA. Thermal scald-induced inflammation and edema were also relieved by the LWMP, while wound healing in skin was promoted. These results suggest that the LMWP from P. undulate could serve as a new antiaging substance in cosmetics.     

基于组合赋权的岩爆倾向性预测灰评估模型及应用

提出一种用以确定岩爆灾害评价中各指标权重的组合赋权（GEM-GW）方法。该方法依据信息熵理论,对基本熵权法进行改进,理论上解决熵权法在某些情况下不适用的问题,并引入欧几里得距离函数,使得主、客观权重之间和偏好系数间的差异程度一致,从而获得理想的综合权重。在该基础上,根据岩爆的成因及特点,选取影响岩爆的主要评价指标,同时对灰色聚类法进行优化,建立基于组合赋权的岩爆倾向性预测灰评估模型。利用该模型,对国内外一些重大深部岩石工程岩爆案例进行分析,并与模糊综合评判法、属性综合评判法、未确知测度评价法和物元分析法及实际情况进行比较。研究结果表明,该模型预测结果与实际情况吻合较好,预测精度较高,从而验证该模型的有效性及实用性。研究方法为岩爆灾害的准确预测提供一种切实可行的途径。     

Isotopic investigation of runoff generation in a glacierized catchment in northern Sweden

In this study, summer rainfall contributions to streamflow were quantified in the sub‐arctic, 30% glacierized Tarfala (21.7 km²) catchment in northern Sweden for two non‐consecutive summer sampling seasons (2004 and 2011). We used two‐component hydrograph separation along with isotope ratios (δ¹⁸O and δD) of rainwater and daily streamwater samplings to estimate relative fraction and uncertainties (because of laboratory instrumentation, temporal variability and spatial gradients) of source water contributions. We hypothesized that the glacier influence on how rainfall becomes runoff is temporally variable and largely dependent on a combination of the timing of decreasing snow cover on glaciers and the relative moisture storage condition within the catchment. The results indicate that the majority of storm runoff was dominated by pre‐event water. However, the average event water contribution during storm events differed slightly between both years with 11% reached in 2004 and 22% in 2011. Event water contributions to runoff generally increased over 2011 the sampling season in both the main stream of Tarfala catchment and in the two pro‐glacial streams that drain Storglaciären (the largest glacier in Tarfala catchment covering 2.9 km²). We credit both the inter‐annual and intra‐annual differences in event water contributions to large rainfall events late in the summer melt season, low glacier snow cover and elevated soil moisture due to large antecedent precipitation. Together amplification of these two mechanisms under a warming climate might influence the timing and magnitude of floods, the sediment budget and nutrient cycling in glacierized catchments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.