A New Method of Significance Testing for Correlation-Coefficient Fields and Its Application

Correlation-coefficient fields are widely used in short-term climate prediction research. The most frequently used significance test method for the correlation-coefficient field was proposed by Livezey, in which the number of significantcorrelation lattice(station) points on the correlation coherence map is used as the statistic. However, the method is based on two assumptions:(1) the spatial distribution of the lattice(station) points is uniform;and(2) there is no correlation between the physical quantities in the correlation-coefficient field. However, in reality, the above two assumptions are not valid.Therefore, we designed a more reasonable method for significance testing of the correlation-coefficient field. Specifically, a new statistic, the significant-correlation area, is introduced to eliminate the inhomogeneity of the grid(station)-point distribution, and an empirical Monte Carlo method is employed to eliminate the spatial correlation of the matrix.Subsequently, the new significance test was used for simultaneous correlation-coefficient fields between intensities of the atmospheric activity center in the Northern Hemisphere and temperature/precipitation in China. The results show that the new method is more reasonable than the Livezey method.     

基于CRU资料的山西百年气温时空演变特征

全球变暖的背景下,百年尺度上的区域气温变化规律,近年来已成为气候变化研究的热点。本文基于1901-2016年英国东英吉利(East Anglia)大学气候研究中心(Climatic Research Unit,CRU)提供的高分辨率、逐月气温数据集,采用一元线性回归法、滑动平均法和Mann-Kendall突变检验法分析了116年来山西气温的时空分布特征。结果表明:百年来山西年平均气温和各季节气温均呈波动上升趋势,年均和各季节气温倾向率分别为0.13℃·(10a)^-1(年平均)、0.16℃·(10a)^-1(春季)、0.05℃·(10a)^-1(夏季)、0.09℃·(10a)^-1(秋季)、0.22℃·(10a)^-1(冬季),其中冬季气温增幅最大,对年均温增长的贡献最大,贡献率为42.31%,夏季气温增幅最小,贡献率也最小(9.62%)。研究时段内,山西各季节气温均发生突变,春季季均温突变开始于1993年,夏季在1917年和1996年都发生了气温突变,秋季、冬季出现突变的年份分别为20...     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WINTERTIME THERMAL CONTRAST OVER THE ASIAN CONTINENT AND THE CLIMATE IN CHINA

Recent studies indicated that except for the land-sea thermal contrast,there also existed the land-land thermal contrast.The composite analysis and t-test method are used to further study the local thermal contrast variation over the Asian continent,and to discuss the association of seasonal variation of land thermal state with circulation over East Asia,the early summer and summer monsoon activity,and the precipitation anomaly in China in the decadal scale.Results show that the positive meridional temperature anomaly transports downward from upper tropospheric layers in middle-high latitudes north of 25°N in the positive years.In the zonal direction,the Tibetan Plateau heating in the successive spring acts as a force to influence the atmosphere,leading to the rapid temperature warming over eastern Chinese continent,which could increase the land-sea thermal contrast with the negative SSTA.Accordingly,the monsoon activity in early summer over East Asian establishes earlier and the summer monsoon intensity becomes stronger.The early summer precipitation is more-than-normal over the Yangtze River,and the summer precipitation is more-than-normal over the north China and the southwest China.The situation is contrary in the negative years.     

亚洲-太平洋涛动与中国南方地区1月降水异常的关系

利用NCEP、ERA-40再分析资料和中国160个观测站逐月降水资料,分析了同期和前期亚洲-太平洋涛动(APO)与中国南方地区冬季1月降水异常的关系,并讨论了相应的联系机制.研究发现,1月亚洲-太平洋涛动指数能够很好地反映同期中国南方地区降水异常.亚洲-太平洋涛动的异常变化可能影响对流层低层位势高度场,进而通过影响亚洲中、低纬度地区的对流层低层风场与中国南方地区降水紧密联系.当亚洲-太平洋涛动指数偏低(高)时,对应在东亚南部及其邻近海域对流层低层位势高度偏高(低),东太平洋位势高度偏低(高).相应地,南海以及华南沿海地区为异常西南(东北)风控制,且该异常风向北逐渐减弱,进而在中国南方地区辐合(辐散),这既有(不)利于暖湿气流向中国南方地区输送,同时也造成了该地区的水汽辐合(辐散),从而导致降水偏多(少).亚洲-太平洋涛动具有很好的持续性,上一年10月亚洲-太平洋涛动异常可一直持续至当年1月,表现出连续的显着相关特征.因此,其与中国南方地区1月降水异常也具有显着联系,可以作为指示1月中国南方地区降水多寡的一个前兆因子.     

全球资料同化中误差协方差三维结构的准确估计与应用Ⅱ:背景误差协方差调整与数值试验分析

利用NMC方法针对背景误差协方差的方差、三维相关与特征长度来揭示T213L31模式的误差主要特点,并与传统更新矢量方法的计算结果进行了对比与调整.结果表明NMC方法结果与更新矢量方法结果在大体特征上基本吻合,但细节上的差异不可忽视,特别是对背景误差方差与特征长度的估计存在显著的差异,其主要原因是NMC方法倾向于高估天气尺度波的背景误差,而低估次天气尺度到中尺度波的背景误差.通过对背景误差方差、特征长度的调整,显著改善了背景误差功率谱的分布特点,使得NMC方法结果与更新矢量方法结果更为吻合.通过三维变分同化与最优插值中观测与背景误差相对重要性的比较,发现两者结果基本一致,但三维变分同化在850 hPa以下的温度场和300 hPa以上的风场统计结果都表现出背景误差相对于观测误差偏小的特点.背景误差相对于观测误差偏小有助于保证分析场中质量场与风场平衡,消除了大气底层和高层质量场与风场不匹配现象.在数值试验中,针对不同的背景误差均方差与特征长度的特点,分析了分析增量和预报效果的差异,结果表明,准确的背景误差估计与优化工作改善了预报效果,使得北半球三维变分同化的120 h预报效果整体好于现有最优插值.     

东北冷涡云系人工增雨作业效果的检验和分析

根据辽宁地区的东北冷涡降水天气过程的规律和特点,利用气象台站网的常规观测资料,用事后划分影响区和对比区的移动分区区域回归方法,对东北冷涡降水云系的人工增雨作业效果进行了综合分析。结果表明:(1)辽宁省1992—2004年6~8月对东北冷涡云系人工增雨作业的平均增雨效果为22.44%。(2)有95%以上的可信度证明辽宁省的人工增雨有正效果。(3)物理检验分析证明,作业方法及催化部位基本是合理的,催化作业是有效的。     

气候检测与归因的格兰杰检验法

为揭示气候变化并探索其可能原因,引入了格兰杰因果检验法。在叙述其基本原理的基础上,对影响中国气温变化的若干因子进行了检验。论证了通过检验的因子与中国气温变化的可能物理联系,着重说明了二氧化碳增加对中国气温变化的影响,解释了我国增温滞后于全球气温变化的原因。由此证实格兰杰因果检验法是气候变化检测与归因的一种有用的新方法。通过计算和分析,证实了格兰杰检验法的可用性。     

黑龙江省年降水量和年平均气温序列均一性检验

采用SNHT方法和台站历史沿革信息对黑龙江省62个地面观测站1961～2006年年降水量和年平均气温序列进行了均一性检验。结果表明：台站迁移、仪器更换等是造成黑龙江省年降水量序列非均一性的主要原因;年平均气温序列非均一性主要是由于仪器更换、台站迁移、观测时制变化等原因引起。     

ENSO对亚洲夏季风环流和中国夏季降水影响的诊断研究

文中以ＳＶＤ分析技术为基础,发展了一种用以提取一个矢量场和一个标量场耦合信号的统计诊断方法——联合ＳＶＤ方法（简记为ＣＳＶＤ）,并运用ＣＳＶＤ分析了ＥＮＳＯ对亚洲季风环流系统及中国夏季降水的年际变化的影响。结果表明,在ＥｌＮｉｎｏ年,印度夏季风减弱,东亚夏季风增强;而在ＬａＮｉｎａ年,印度夏季风增强,东亚夏季风减弱。且ＥＮＳＯ对亚洲夏季风环流影响显著的区域主要在长江流域南北气流交汇区和索马里急流区,而对中国夏季降水影响最显著的区域则在江淮流域。     

Seismic fracture evaluation of diaphragm joints in welded beam-to-box column moment connections

Steel box columns are widely used in steel building structures in Taiwan due to their dual strong axes. To transfer the beam-end moment to the column, diaphragm plates of the same thickness and elevations as the beam flanges are usually welded inside the box column. The electro-slag welding (ESW) process is widely used to connect the diaphragms to the column flanges in Taiwan because of its convenience and efficiency. However, ESW may increase the hardness of the welds and heat-affected zones (HAZs), while reducing the Charpy-V notch strength in the HAZ. This situation can cause premature fracture of the diaphragm-to-column flange welds before a large plastic rotation is developed in the beam-to-box column joints. To quantify the critical eccentricity and the effectiveness of fracture prediction, this study uses fracture prediction models and finite element model (FEM) analysis to correlate the test results. In this study, two beam-to-box column connection subassembly tests are conducted with different loading protocols and ESW chamber shapes. To implement a fracture prediction model, the material parameters are established from circumferential notched tensile tests and FEM analysis. Test results indicate that the fracture instances can be predicted on the basis of the cumulative plastic deformation in the HAZs. Analytical results indicate that fracture instances and locations are sensitive to the relative locations of the ESW joints and beam flange. Tests also confirm that the possible fracture of the diaphragm-to-column flange joints can be mitigated by enlarging the chamber of the ESW joint.