埃达克岩研究的回顾和前瞻

文中回顾了中国埃达克岩研究的进展,讨论了中国埃达克岩文献为什么多的原因,归纳了我们取得的成绩及存在的问题,探讨了埃达克岩目前面临的问题和今后研究的方向。笔者认为,中国埃达克岩的研究正处于方兴未艾的阶段,是现阶段国际埃达克岩研究的焦点和中心之一。尽管发表的文章不少,但是研究水平总体不高。在埃达克岩研究中,有大量的问题等待我们去回答,有众多的现象等待我们去解释。中国东部中生代C型埃达克岩的成因、中国东部高原、埃达克岩与青藏高原抬升的关系以及C型埃达克岩与成矿的关系等,应当是今后重点需要关注的问题。     

Quantitative textural analysis of packings of elongate crystals

The spatial distribution of grains in a solidifying igneous rock controls the physical properties of the crystal mush, and in turn is controlled by the rate of crystal growth and accumulation. A predominant non-spherical habit for igneous minerals brings into question the use of spherical particles in reference packings used for quantification of spatial distribution. Furthermore, variations of crystal clustering/ordering with length scale require spatial statistics which take into account the distribution of particles beyond nearest neighbours. Using random close packings of spherocylinders, we demonstrate the importance of aspect ratio for the aggregation index (usually known as R) and show that packings of spherical particles have more structure than packings of rods. The spatial distribution functions demonstrate that the plagioclase grains in the colonnade from the Holyoke basalt are clustered on a length scale of 0.5 mm. Understanding the controls on grain spatial distribution in igneous rocks will depend on the application of these techniques to well-understood environments.     

Groundwater contaminant source identification based on iterative local update ensemble smoother

Identification of the location and intensity of groundwater pollution source contributes to the effect of pollution remediation, and is called groundwater contaminant source identifcation. This is a kind of typical groundwater inverse problem, and the solution is usually ill-posed. Especially considering the spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity field, the identification process is more challenging. In this paper, the solution framework of groundwater contaminant source identification is composed with groundwater pollutant transport model (MT3DMS) and a data assimilation method (Iterative local update ensemble smoother, ILUES). In addition, Karhunen-Loève expansion technique is adopted as a PCA method to realize dimension reduction. In practical problems, the geostatistical method is usually used to characterize the hydraulic conductivity feld, and only the contaminant source information is inversely calculated in the identifcation process. In this study, the identification of contaminant source information under Kriging K-field is compared with simultaneous identification of source information and K-field. The results indicate that it is necessary to carry out simultaneous identification under heterogeneous site, and ILUES has good performance in solving high-dimensional parameter inversion problems.     

浅析探矿权评估方法应用中存在的问题

由于探矿权勘查风险、地质前景的不可预测性,国内外对探矿权的评估方法仍处于探索阶段,不够成熟.现在探矿权评估有很多方法,但是每种评估方法都有其弊端,文章选取了3个同矿种、同矿带的某勘查区探矿权作为评估对象,这3个勘查区域勘查工作程度不同.通过对3个区块探矿权评估价值的对比分析,来浅析在各阶段各评估方法在现今探矿权评估中尚存在的问题:不管是使用何种方法对勘查区进行评估,由于采用参数不同,评估出的价值将会有很大的差距.     

应用GPS数据与重力数据确定大地水准面

作为GPS/重力边值问题理论及方法的应用,在对GPS/重力方法确定(似)大地水准面的原理进行简要介绍与分析的基础上,利用收集到的N区的600个GPS/重力数据和48个高精度GPS水准数据,计算出该区域的(似)大地水准面。通过拟合法和系统差直接改正法进行的精度分析表明,应用GPS/重力数据结合水准方法确定的该地区(似)大地水准面的精度达到厘米级精度。     

Numerical and theoretical research on stress distribution in the loosening zone of the trapdoor problem

The traditional theory of soil arching effect was developed on the assumption that stress distribution in the loosening zone is uniform. However, because of the deflection of principal stress' direction, the stress distribution in the loosening zone is actually ununiform. For the evaluation of principal stress axis deflection and stress redistribution, a discrete element method numerical model of trapdoor problem is established for the simulation of soil arching effect. Based on the numerical results, an arc shape of major principal stress trajectory and uniform horizontal stress distribution at the same depth of the loosening zone are adopted. An analytical model is raised to estimate the average loosening earth pressure acting on the trapdoor and stress distribution in the loosening zone at a limit state. In addition, comparison studies are carried out between the predictions of the proposed solutions and discrete element method numerical results as well as available model test results, thereby validating the accuracy of the proposed theoretical model. Both numerical and theoretical results indicate that the vertical stress distribution in the loosening zone is obviously ununiform. The load acting in the middle of loosening zone is transferred toward two sides so that the vertical stress distribution in loosening zone is concave.     

基于贝叶斯理论的逐次迭代非线性AVA反演方法

常规AVA三参数反演方法均基于横波速度与纵波速度之比γ为常数这一假设条件,且常被近似地取为0.5。然而在许多情况下γ并不为常数,而是在横向与纵向都渐变。若一概假定γ等于0.5,反演出的岩性参数势必要偏离真实值,因此有必要合理地选择γ。笔者基于贝叶斯理论,提出逐次迭代非线性AVA的反演方法。该方法把γ看成横向与纵向都渐变的反演初始背景,通过给定初始模型计算初始背景γ,并采用逐次迭代的策略求解该反演问题,解决了关于γ的选取问题以及由于引入变γ值而带来的非线性问题,提高了AVA三参数反演结果的精确度。     

岩土体渗流自由面问题的重心插值无网格方法

岩土体的渗透破坏、地下工程的防渗设计等无不与渗流计算有关。针对渗流自由面问题,提出一种重心拉格朗日插值的配点型无网格方法。由于渗流自由面问题的求解区域是不规则区域,该方法通过将不规则求解区域嵌入一个正则矩形区域,在正则区域上采用重心拉格朗日插值近似未知函数,利用配点法离散渗流问题的控制方程,将重心拉格朗日插值的微分矩阵离散成代数方程表达的矩阵形式。将自由面上的边界条件通过重心拉格朗日插值离散,通过置换方程法和附加方程法施加边界条件,利用正则区域上的重心插值配点法,通过迭代确定最终自由面的位置。数值算例表明所提出的无网格方法对于求解渗流自由面问题的正确性和高精度。     

A level-set corrector to an adaptive multiscale permeability prediction

We consider the inverse problem of permeability estimation for two-phase porous-media flow. The novel approach is based on regularization by zonation, where the geometry and size of the regions are chosen adaptively during the optimization procedure. To achieve this, we have utilized level-set functions to represent the permeability. The available data are sparsely distributed in space; hence, it is reasonable to confine the estimation to coarse-scale structures. The level-set approach is able to alter the boundaries between regions of different permeability without strict restrictions on their shape; however, when the data are sparse, a reasonable initial guess for the permeability is required. For this task, we use adaptive multiscale permeability estimation, which has the potential of identifying main permeability variations. These are described by a piecewise constant function, where the constant values are attained on rectangular zones. In the current work, we develop a level-set corrector strategy, assuming adaptive multiscale permeability estimation as a predictor.     

川藏铁路雅安至林芝段重大工程水文地质问题

川藏铁路位于大陆碰撞造山带,特殊的地质构造背景下,铁路沿线水文地质条件极为复杂,严重制约着川藏铁路规划建设和安全运营。为降低川藏铁路沿线重大工程水文地质灾害风险,从工程水文地质角度出发,结合基础地质和工程地质研究成果,阐述了川藏铁路雅安至林芝段重大工程水文地质问题,并提出下一步研究建议。研究结果表明：川藏铁路雅安至林芝段可能遭遇隧道高水压及涌突水问题、隧道高温热害问题、隧道排水影响生态环境3个重大工程水文地质问题;沿线发育多条区域性断裂带,控制着地层展布、水热活动和成矿带分布以及地下水循环演化,导致穿越断裂带的深埋长大隧道高压涌突水、高温热害及高矿化水等问题较为突出。沿线重大工程水文地质问题下一步研究工作主要为：开展高精度、多尺度的水文地质调查,把握重大问题的发育规律和致灾机制,构建精细的预测评价体系和主、被动相结合的灾害防控体系。