西准噶尔希贝库拉斯组凝灰质砂砾岩岩石学和锆石U- Pb年代学及对沉积层序的指示意义

新疆西准噶尔包古图地区主要出露下石炭统火山-沉积地层,由希贝库拉斯组、包古图组和太勒古拉组组成,对于三套地层的时代归属以及地层层序长期存在争议。本文对希贝库拉斯组凝灰质砂砾岩进行了岩相学和锆石U- Pb年代学研究,为探讨以上争议提供资料。岩相学研究发现凝灰质砂砾岩中的砾石为硅质岩、晶屑凝灰岩、凝灰质砂岩、安山岩和少量灰岩,中等磨圆-次棱角状,粒径变化大(2~15mm),含量为~45%;细碎屑主要为岩屑、长石和少量石英,呈棱角状-次棱角状,粒径0. 05~0. 5mm;填隙物主要为火山灰;锆石U- Pb年代学分析结果显示,锆石的Pb206/U238表观年龄集中在327~382Ma,最年轻的峰值为330~335Ma,代表了凝灰质砂砾岩沉积同期火山活动的年龄;最大峰值为345~360Ma,指示了凝灰质砂砾岩中大部分火山岩砾石对应火山活动的时限;另有几组年龄集中在411~428Ma、~455Ma和482~504Ma,对应克拉玛依、达拉布特和唐巴勒蛇绿岩的年龄。综合以上研究,认为希贝库拉斯组的沉积时代为早石炭世维宪期,并结合前人研究成果推断本区三套地层的沉积层序自下而上依次为希贝库拉斯组、包古图组、太勒古拉组。     

东昆仑东段巴隆地区变复成分砾岩层锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

东昆仑东段巴隆地区哈图沟出露一套变质—变形的沉积地层,其北部为变复成分砾岩段、南部为变细碎屑岩段。根据变复成分砾岩段砾石成分统计、砾石的分选系数(1.24~1.42)及砾石的砾度等粒性特征得出该套变复成分砾岩地层为近源快速堆积的产物。利用LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb微区测年技术,对变复成分砾岩段绢云钠长石英片岩的碎屑锆石进行U-Pb同位素测年,测试结果表明,碎屑锆石年龄谱可明显划分为6组:1南华纪—震旦纪年龄组,751~602Ma,峰值为674Ma,该组锆石年龄与东昆仑造山带新元古代中—晚期岩浆事件的年龄相对应,并且与Rodinia超大陆裂解事件相关,该组锆石中最小的年龄为602Ma,表明沉积地层形成时代应晚于602Ma;2中元古代晚期—新元古代中期年龄组,1146~783Ma,出现三个峰值,分别为788Ma、947Ma和1115Ma,该组锆石年龄与东昆仑造山带中元古代晚期—新元古代中期岩浆事件大致相对应,代表东昆仑地区响应了全球尺度的Rodinia超大陆的汇聚事件,且证实了柴达木—祁连—东昆仑等地(陆)块前寒武纪的演化特点与塔里木及扬子克拉通非常相似;3中元古代晚期年龄组,1399~1180Ma,峰值为1318Ma,该组锆石年龄可能与东昆仑构造带中元古代晚期岩浆事件相关;4中元古代早期年龄组,1712~1553Ma,峰值为1556Ma,该年龄谱段代表了源区在中元古代早期存在着一期热事件;5新太古代晚期—古元古代早期年龄组,2530~2347Ma,峰值为2518Ma,该组锆石年龄与东昆仑造山带内新太古代晚期—古元古代早期岩浆事件年龄大致相对应,表明东昆仑造山带新太古代晚期—古元古代早期岩浆物质也为哈图沟变质地层提供了物源;6太古宙年龄组,3230~2763Ma,表明变复成分砾岩的物源区可能存在古太古代陆核。通过对变质岩系的碎屑锆石年龄和物源特征的分析研究,认为这套变质的沉积地层并非前人所划归的泥盆系牦牛山组,其形成时代应归属于晚震旦世。砾石成分统计和年代学测试结果表明,巴隆地区哈图沟变复成分砾岩层物质主要来源于东昆仑造山带的前寒武纪白沙河岩组、小庙岩组、万宝沟岩群等变质地层和中、新元古代深变质的花岗质片麻岩等。     

Eclogites preserved as pebbles in Jurassic conglomerate, Dabie Mountains, China

Two types of eclogite pebbles were discovered in Middle to Upper Jurassic conglomerates from the Hefei Basin north of the Dabie ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terrain, China. Type A eclogite pebbles are characterized by idioblastic garnet with well preserved chemical zonation. Si content in phengite is lower than 3.5 per formula unit (pfu). The maximum metamorphic pressure is lower than 2.5 GPa, and the temperature is below 600 °C. Type B eclogite pebbles contain coesite pseudomorphs in xenoblastic garnet. Si content in phengite is higher than 3.5 pfu. The maximum metamorphic pressure is 2.8–4.0 GPa at 700 °C indicating UHP metamorphism.

Types A and B eclogite pebbles are comparable with eclogites occurring in the southern portion of the Dabie UHP terrain. Based on the petrologic similarities and northeastwards directed paleocurrents, we infer that the eclogite pebbles were eroded from the Dabie UHP terrain. Sandstones containing detrital phengite with Si content higher than 3.5 pfu are also derived from UHP rocks. These petrologic and stratigraphic data place time constraints on exhumation and erosion history of the Dabie UHP terrain.     

燕山中段常州沟组底砾岩的成因类型

根据底砾岩的砾石成分、结构、分布、产状及沉积相序等特征,将燕山中段常州沟组底砾岩分为冲积扇沉积、河流沉积、扇三角洲沉积、海滩沉积等４种成因类型,并探讨了常州沟早期燕山盆地的岩相古地理格局。     

云南省南涧地区下白垩统南新组砾岩层 砾组特征及其物源意义

该文通过对哀牢山构造带西侧云南省南涧地区下白垩统南新组砾岩层的砾性、砾度、砾态和砾向等的详细研究与分 析,结合盆地基岩地层特点和周边构造带的岩性组合特征,发现南新组砾岩总体上具有砾石成分复杂、分选性较差、磨圆程 度中等-较好（次圆状-圆状）、风化程度较低等特征;探讨了砾岩层本身的性质、物质来源,以及砾石沉积时盆地的水动力条 件、气候环境、古地貌特征和构造条件。认为南新组砾岩层为半干旱-干旱古气候条件下的一套冲积扇-辫状河相粗碎屑沉 积,具有快速堆积的特点;砾岩层沉积前砾石遭受了较强的物理化学作用。根据盆地基岩及周边地层岩性特点和砾石扁平面 倾向统计,砾石的主要来源是盆地内部的基底地层及其东缘的哀牢山构造带。     

砾岩边坡稳定性分析与防治工程

沪蓉国道主干线宜昌至恩施段高速公路,是国家“五纵七横“交通网的重要组成部分,其砾岩边坡稳定性分析与防治工程是重要的研究课题。本文以砾岩岩体结构面模拟研究,岩体力学参数估算为基础,结合砾岩特征及边坡地质环境条件,提出砾岩边坡稳定性评价的地质模型,并采用数值模拟与计算,得出砾岩边坡稳定性分析的确切结果。砾岩边坡岩土工程加固设计是关系到该高速公路安全、经济、适用的重要内容,紧密结合砾岩边坡的地质环境和砾岩岩体特征,采用信息化设计,运用生态化设计理念,充分发挥岩土工程技术优势,保护环境,提出合理的岩土工程加固设计方案。本研究成果对砾岩边坡防治工程提出了系统的研究思路,对沪蓉国道主干线宜昌至恩施段高速公路砾岩边坡的设计与施工具重要意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中部上古生界砂（砾）岩储集层孔隙成因及控制因素*

鄂尔多斯盆地中部横山—靖边—安塞地区山西组和下石盒子组发育低孔低渗至特低孔特低渗砂（砾）岩储集层,其物性控制了气层产能的大小。文中通过对显微镜下的孔隙形态特征、易溶碎屑组分含量和孔隙结构特征3个方面的分析,提出山西组二段砂（砾）岩储集层主要发育原生孔隙,而下石盒子组八段砂（砾）岩储集层以溶孔为主。在研究区内储集层埋藏深度差异不大的情况下,砂（砾）岩原生孔隙的保存程度和溶孔的发育规模主要受粒径、碎屑组分、石英次生加大和有机酸来源的影响,粒径是山西组二段和下石盒子组八段储集层孔隙发育的基本影响因素,储集层渗透率大于0.2×10^-3 μm²的有利储集层均发育于中粗砂岩及以上粒级的砂（砾）岩中。山西组二段石英砂（砾）岩的强抗压性、缺少易溶碎屑组分是原生孔隙保存较多的主要原因,而丰富的硅质来源是原生孔隙减少的重要因素。对下石盒子组八段而言,易溶物质含量适中、有机酸来源丰富是岩屑砂（砾）岩溶孔发育的主要原因。进一步的研究表明,储集层的孔隙成因与孔隙结构之间有良好的相关性,原生孔隙储集层的孔隙结构要优于溶孔储集层,表现为在相同孔隙度时,前者的渗透率明显高于后者。     

Gold and sulphide minerals in Tertiary quartz pebble conglomerate gold placers, Southland, New Zealand

Auriferous quartz pebble conglomerates (QPC) formed during Tertiary sedimentary recycling in the Waimumu district, Southland, New Zealand. These sediments contain fine-grained gold of detrital origin with abundant surface textures and gold-forms associated with authigenic gold remobilisation. Most authigenic gold contains no detectable silver and occurs as overgrowths on detrital Au–Ag and Au–Ag–Hg alloys that contain up to 13 wt.% Ag, and 9 wt.% Hg. Fine-grained Au–Ag and Au–Ag–Hg alloys are compositionally heterogeneous, exhibiting both well-defined silver-depleted and silver-enriched rims. Rare coarse Au–Ag alloy is intergrown with quartz and is homogenous. Discrete grains of authigenic, porous, sheet-like gold occur in carbonaceous mudstone within a QPC sequence. Some QPC contain abundant sulphide minerals. Some of these sulphides (pyrite and arsenopyrite) are of long-distance detrital origin, presumably from the Otago Schist, whereas the bulk of the sulphide suite is marcasite of variably transported diagenetic origin, derived from the erosion of QPC and underlying Tertiary sediments. There has also been authigenic deposition of sulphide minerals in the QPC themselves. These diagenetic sulphides include framboidal and anhedral marcasite, and framboidal and euhedral pyrite. Sulphur isotope data for the sulphide minerals range from − 45‰ to + 18‰ (relative to VCDT). Sulphur isotope data for euhedral detrital pyrite and arsenopyrite range from − 9‰ to − 1‰ and are most likely derived from the Otago Schist to the north. Both framboidal and anhedral marcasite have lower values (< − 20‰) reflecting microbial sulphate reduction as a source for the precursor hydrogen sulphide. Anhedral marcasite contains elevated concentrations of Ni, Co, As and Cr, commonly with compositional banding of these metals.Both the gold and diagenetic sulphides from the Belle-Brook QPC are compositionally similar to gold and sulphides from Archaean QPC. Porous, sheet-like authigenic gold is morphologically similar to gold associated with carbonaceous material in the Witwatersrand. In addition, Southland marcasite textures resemble the rounded and banded pyrite in Witwatersrand QPC placers. There is abundant evidence from these Tertiary QPC in southern New Zealand for sedimentary transport of sulphide minerals and post-depositional sulphide mineralisation in the surficial environment despite an oxygen-rich atmosphere. These young deposits thus provide an example of authigenic gold and sulphide textures formed during diagenesis in unmetamorphosed placers. Many of these textures are similar to those commonly ascribed to metamorphic processes in Archaean auriferous QPC.     

彬长矿区保水与采煤分析

通过对彬长矿区其地质条件、水文地质条件、覆岩结构类型的分析、以及综放开采覆岩破坏导水裂隙带高度的预计,确定了洛河砂砾岩含水层下防水煤岩柱留设的原则,通过对保护水资源重要性与采煤条件的分析,指出了在洛河砂砾岩含水层下采煤是目前彬长矿区在理论上和技术上亟待解决的突出难题之一。     

尧峪金铜矿超厚水敏性地层钻进泥浆护壁技术

尧峪金矿区超厚水敏性风化层,在钻进过程中遇到坍塌、掉块、事故频繁发生等问题,采用常规护壁措施并没有取得预想的效果。通过试验应用PAB不分散聚合物泥浆和钾基处理的聚合物泥浆,取得了良好的效果,顺利完成了ZK604孔的钻探施工,为该矿区今后的钻探工作提供了一些可供参考的经验。介绍了该矿区钻探施工的难题以及采取的泥浆技术措施。