从地域综合体解读人地关系地域系统

人地关系地域系统为地理学研究人地关系提供了重要的理论框架,准确把握和剖析这一地理学研究的核心,在理论和实践上都有重要意义。从集中体现地理学世界观基础的地域综合体出发,在地域综合体特征刻画和抽象表达的基础上,构建了基于地域综合体的人地关系地域系统概念模型,进而揭示了概念模型下的5个基本问题域：理解和模拟系统的外界驱动力、状态、过程和功能,从驱动力调控、状态调控、过程调控和功能规划上提出并模拟和优化人地关系调控方案,最后针对性地讨论了目前人地关系地域系统研究中人地关系评价、驱动力问题、机理研究和典型实证等4个值得关注的问题。     

广东高空槽后暴雨的多尺度天气特征及概念模型

2010年5月6—7日广东出现了罕见的高空槽后大暴雨过程。利用华南区域气象观测站、加密自动站和NCEP分析资料等,从大尺度环流背景、天气系统特征和雷达回波特征等方面进行分析,并利用局地经向环流模式和尺度分析技术诊断探讨其可能形成机制。结果表明,南亚高压西移配合高空急流北退为大暴雨的发生提供高层辐散条件。在前倾槽形势下(500 hPa高空槽移出广东、低层切变线和地面冷锋仍在南岭附近),低层暖湿不稳定配合高空槽后干冷空气的下传,对广东上空不稳定能量释放起到增强作用,强降水主要发生在锋区南侧。数值诊断结果进一步表明,激发暴雨过程的主要物理因子为潜热加热和温度平流。潜热加热是暴雨的正贡献和反馈最直接因子,而北方冷空气一方面通过温度平流直接激发广东地区的上升运动,同时通过促进水汽辐合抬升区南移并释放潜热,是暴雨过程的重要触发机制。此外,空间滤波分析表明,弱冷空气越过南岭后扩散南下和形成的中小尺度天气系统对强降水落区和增幅起关键作用,暴雨业务预报对此类弱冷空气在地形作用下扩散南下的影响需要更加关注。     

Evaluation of alternative conceptual models for groundwater modelling

This study evaluates the alternative conceptual models for groundwater modelling. A true model was created with a synthetic alluvial fan-plain hydrogeological framework. Various alternative conceptual models were evaluated for groundwater flow simulations. The first alternative model is a single aquifer layer model; the second alternative model is a 3-layer aquifer model; and the third model is a 5-layer model consisting of 3 aquifers separated by 2 aquitards. All models could fit very well to the observations with optimized values of hydraulic conductivities. However, the single aquifer layer model can only compute water balance components with good accuracy. The 3-layer aquifer model can be used for water balance computation and groundwater head simulation with small errors. The 5-layer model is capable of simulating water budget, groundwater head distribution and travel times with high accuracy. Multi-model analysis found only the 3rd alternative model superior.     

基于嵌入式Linux的嵌入式GIS初探

本文探讨了后PC时代基于嵌入式Linux的嵌入式GIS研究的必要性和可行性,对比现有嵌入式GIS的特点,简述了嵌入式Linux操作系统的优点和特色。扼要介绍了基于Linux的嵌入式GIS研究的硬件平台,最后给出基于Linux的嵌入式GIS研究的概念模型。     

岩浆岩冷缩裂隙形成机制、类型及成矿作用

岩浆冷缩裂隙是岩浆岩原生裂隙的重要类型。以往多学科、多角度的节理及裂隙研究不同程度地涉及到该类节理,取得了丰富的认识,但这些研究在冷缩裂隙的特点、形成机理、分类、裂隙的基本特征及其影响因素、成矿作用特点等方面系统性尚显不足,认识尚有争议。在前人研究的基础上,通过对不同机制和制约因素下岩浆冷缩裂隙的形成规律、裂隙类型,以及发育特点、裂隙（系统）规模和成矿作用特点等的探讨,分析不同裂隙类型的成矿作用特征,构建受体冷缩裂隙控制的斑岩型矿床的容矿裂隙概念模型,讨论其网状裂隙系统的裂隙特征、网状裂隙系统与斑岩的空间关系及其成矿作用和特点,较系统地归纳了岩浆冷缩裂隙的特点,丰富了斑岩型矿床的研究方法,对该类型矿床的理论研究具有一定的参考意义。     

分汊河道主支汊交替主导因子的转换模拟

进口水流条件及河道周界特征的改变是促使分汊河道主支汊交替的两大主要因素,不同类型的汊道对两者敏感性存在差异,辨析不同汊道主支汊交替的主导因素是预测汊道演变的前提。以长江中游分汊河道为参考,通过调整进口水流动力轴线走向及两汊的长度比设置了30种概化方案,采用平面二维水沙数学模型探讨上述两种因素对主支汊交替的影响。结论表明:两汊长度比存在一个临界值,当汊长比低于此临界值时,进口主流动力轴线的偏移是影响主、支汊交替的主要动力因素;超过此临界值后,进口水流条件变化对汊道分流格局的影响将会明显减弱,影响主支汊交替的主导因子将转换为汊道间的阻力对比关系;通过概化计算得到此临界值约为1.5。     

An Analysis of a Meso-β System in a Mei-yu Front Using the Intensive Observation Data During CHeRES 2002

The conventional and intensive observational data of the China Heavy Rain Experiment and Study (CHeRES) are used to specially analyze the heavy rainfall process in the mei-yu front that occurred during 20-21 June 2002, focusing on the meso-β system. A mesoscale convective system (MCS) formed in the warm-moist southwesterly to the south of the shear line over the Dabie Mountains and over the gorge between the Dabie and Jiuhua Mountains. The mei-yu front and shear line provide a favorable synoptic condition for the development of convection. The GPS observation indicates that the precipitable water increased obviously about 2-3h earlier than the occurrence of rainfall and decreased after that. The abundant moisture transportation by southwesterly wind was favorable to the maintenance of convective instability and the accumulation of convective available potential energy (CAPE). Radar detection reveals that meso-β and -γ systems were very active in the MαCS. Several convection lines developed during the evolution of the MαCS, and these are associated with surface convergence lines. The boundary outflow of the convection line may have triggered another convection line. The convection line moved with the mesoscale surface convergence line, but the convective cells embedded in the convergence line propagated along the line. On the basis of the analyses of the intensive observation data, a multi-scale conceptual model of heavy rainfall in the mei-yu front for this particular case is proposed.     

夏旱期间人工增雨有利天气形势短期预报概模

利用常规资料,通过对有利于人工增雨作业天气型中的两类优势型(T、R型)进行分析发现:在台风型(T)情况下,有利于人工增雨作业的前一天形势是500 hPa副热带高压呈带状分布,脊线位于30°N以北,西脊点在110°E或以西,中低层在120°E附近存在台风倒槽(或存在低压环流),地面处东南气流中;在弱流场型(R)下,其前一天天气形势是中低层有足够水汽输入条件或存在中尺度低值系统,对应地面存在静止锋或为均压场。以此为依据建立了短期(24 h)预报概模。结果表明:预报概模在实际业务应用中效果尚好。     

Analysis of the maximum discharge of karst springs

Analyses are presented of the conditions that limit the discharge of some karst springs. The large number of springs studied show that, under conditions of extremely intense precipitation, a maximum value exists for the discharge of the main springs in a catchment, independent of catchment size and the amount of precipitation. Outflow modelling of karst-spring discharge is not easily generalized and schematized due to numerous specific characteristics of karst-flow systems. A detailed examination of the published data on four karst springs identified the possible reasons for the limitation on the maximum flow rate: (1) limited size of the karst conduit; (2) pressure flow; (3) intercatchment overflow; (4) overflow from the main spring-flow system to intermittent springs within the same catchment; (5) water storage in the zone above the karst aquifer or epikarstic zone of the catchment; and (6) factors such as climate, soil and vegetation cover, and altitude and geology of the catchment area. The phenomenon of limited maximum-discharge capacity of karst springs is not included in rainfall-runoff process modelling, which is probably one of the main reasons for the present poor quality of karst hydrological modelling. Electronic Publication     

MODELING SEDIMENT PROCESSES ON SMALL WATERSHEDS: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Ⅱ. CONCENTRATED FLOW PROCESSES

L INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this paper is to present a general modeling framework that can serveas a conceptual basis for developing sediment process models by concentrated flow systems on small watersheds. A survey of fundamental principles for developing sedimentprocess models is made with particular emphasis on the effects of space and time averaging on the governing equations. Starting from the most general one--dimensional,unsteady model of sediment processes, simpler model structur…