关于优化n条线段求交算法的研究

首先分析了n条线段相交算法的不足，然后系统地阐述利用扫视法缩小求交线段的范围，利用点位判别法高效判断两线段是否相交的理论，从而提出了一套较为优化的n条线段求交算法。本文对其算法给出详细的分析和讨论，最后指出此算法的适用范围。     

浮游植物生物法测定海水铜络合容量

采用牟氏角毛藻通过生物法测定青岛多处近岸水的铜络合容量CC_(cu)。此法测定的CC_(cu)值范围在1.6×10~(-7)～6.7×10~(-7)mol/dm~3之间。测定了4个经紫外线消解的海水中不同含量EDTA,结果表明,此法可较好反映水体中配位体的含量。使用1.5次微分ASV法也测定了这些样品的CC_(cu),两种方法测定结果比较,表明生物法测得的CC_(cu)值大于ASV法。这样差异可能与两种方法测定铜的形态不同有关。     

Habitat Structure,Disturbance, and Equilibrium in Crustacean Communities*

Abstract. Using data from studies on alga-dwelling harpacticoid copepods from New Zealand and Britain and shallow water decapods from a variety of habitats in the Pacific and Caribbean, an analysis is made of the contribution of physical and biotic habitat structures to the generation and maintenance of crustacean species richness. The relation between the number of species and the complexity of the habitat is, in equilibrium communities, positive and essentially linear. Accordingly, Gray's (1979) and Stenseth's (1979) theoretical predictions are endorsed whereby species-abundance curves are, at equilibrium, expected to follow a log-normal distribution, whereas departures from the log-normal are anticipated in disturbed environments. Such departures reflect either increased dominance or inequalities in the species-abundance hierarchy. Because of their adaptable life-history traits, certain opportunist species are identified as those contributing most to departure points. The impact on community equilibrium of natural disturbance processes such as turbidity, exposure, and substratum transience is assessed.     

从石峁遗址出土植物遗存看夏时代早期榆林地区先民的生存策略选择

石峁遗址是新石器时代晚期至夏时代早期榆林地区农牧交错带中的超大型中心聚落,产生于聚落林立、社会等级分化明显的社会复杂化进程中。文章通过鉴定与分析石峁遗址核心区皇城台地点东护墙北段上部、门址及大台基等区域浮选所获样品,结合已公布的外城东门、后阳湾等地点的植物遗存鉴定数据,对石峁遗址夏时代早期样品中出土的植物遗存进行综合研究。通过2012~2019年的浮选工作,共获得了187份夏时代早期样品,出土炭化植物遗存共计17816粒,其中农作物遗存8905粒,包括粟、黍、水稻及大豆;非农作物遗存包括非农作物种子和植物果核等共计61种植物,总数为8911粒,分属于禾本科、藜科、豆科、蔷薇科、菊科、蓼科等。结果显示,石峁先民夏时代早期的生业模式以农牧业并重为主、采集狩猎为补充。其中,农业结构以粟黍种植为主,还首次发现了少量水稻、大豆等可能为上层先民与周边地区交流获得的稀有食物;畜牧业中,主要利用胡枝子、草木犀、委陵菜属、冷蒿等饲草喂养黄牛、羊等主要家畜;同时,还存在采集果实等行为。石峁先民生业模式的选择是其人群受所处的农牧交错带环境影响产生的结果,"舍不得农业,离不开牧业"即是石峁先民及地区其他同时期人群的真实写照。多样化的生存策略、周边聚落的粮食输入及与其他区域中心的文化交流,保障和巩固了社会复杂化进程中石峁遗址的核心地位,并推动了地区早期国家的产生与发展。     

基于分形理论的地形复杂性量化方法

地形的复杂性是地表崩塌、山体滑坡、泥石流等自然灾害的主要影响因素之一,近年来对地形复杂性的定量研究十分活跃,分形方法是其中主要的研究方法之一,但是目前的研究大多以沟壑分形、等高线分形、元分形等为主,难以对区域地形的整体复杂性进行定量描述;利用基于相对高差的地形分形研究方法,对三个形状和面积基本一致,地形起伏特征各不相同的区域,以相同的网度兼顾特殊地形位置布设样品点,统计样品点及其相对高差信息,并进行分形分析,分析结果表明,样品点的相对高差信息基本包含了其所在区域的地形特征信息,地形的相对高差信息服从分形分布,其分维值的变化趋势与地形复杂性相反,由此提出将其分维值的倒数定义为地形复杂性指数,地形复杂性指数的变化趋势与地形复杂性一致,它很好地拟合了地形的实际特征,定量地刻划了地形的复杂程度。     

Cellular automation model of faults and algorithmic complexity

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Deterministic uncertainty in landscapes

Deterministic complexity (chaos) may be common in geomorphic systems, but traditional definitions may have limited practical utility for empirical geomorphology. These definitions are based on sensitivity to initial conditions, which in geomorphology are both unknown and unknowable. Further, chaos analysis depends on distinguishing deterministic complexity from stochastic complexity. This is problematic in geomorphology because some stochastic complexity is virtually always present in addition to any chaos that may be present. While it is important to recognize that some complex, apparently random patterns may derive from inherent non-linear system dynamics, this is of limited use in explaining process–response relationships or mechanics of landscape evolution. A more general term, which subsumes chaos, is deterministic uncertainty, i.e. uncertainty associated with an identifiable but unknown or uncertain source. An analysis of landscape entropy shows that such underlying constraints produce spatial patterns which are apparently chaotic. For the case of geologic controls, the apparent contribution of deterministic chaos to the landscape entropy is a direct non-linear function of the extent of geologic constraints. However, the underlying constraints and their contribution to observed spatial patterns can also be interpreted in non-chaotic terms. Examples are given, involving geologic constraints on stream channel networks and parent material control of surface soil textures. Because both randomness and chaos may be more apparent than real, the concept of deterministic uncertainty is more useful in process geomorphology than that of chaos.     

地形复杂度对坡度坡向的影响

采用三阶不带权差分算法，研究了地形复杂度与坡度坡向的关系，澄清了目前关于坡度坡向误差空间分布的矛盾观点，并分别在凹向椭球和高斯合成曲面数学模型曲面DEM上对其进行验证。通过研究得出：①坡度、坡向误差与坡度值正相关；②坡度坡向误差主要分布在平坦地区；③坡向误差较坡度误差对DEM高程数据误差敏感，较小的DEM误差引起较大的坡向误差。