Ground motions observed during the 15 August 2007 Pisco, Peru, earthquake

A M_w 7.9 earthquake event occurred on 15 August 2007 off the coast of central Peru, 60 km west of the city of Pisco. This event is associated with subduction processes at the interface of the Nazca and South American plates, and was characterised by a complex source mechanism involving rupture on two main asperities, with unilateral rupture propagation to the southeast. The rupture process is clearly reflected in the ground motions recorded during this event, which include two separate episodes of strong shaking. The event triggered 18 accelerographic stations; the recordings are examined in terms of their characteristics and compared to the predictions of ground-motion prediction equations for subduction environments, using the maximum-likelihood-based method of Scherbaum et al. (Bull Seismol Soc Am 94(6):2164–2185, 2004). Additionally, macroseismic observations and damage patterns are examined and discussed in the light of local construction practices, drawing on field observations gathered during the post-earthquake reconnaissance missions.     

地质系统的复杂性—地质科学的基本问题(Ⅰ)

笔者根据其所提出的“地质作用与时空结构是一切地质现象的本质与核心”的自然哲学理念将地质科学的学科体系划分为地球物质的成分与结构、地质作用、地质学场与地质系统的演化等四大基本领域, 它与9个重大基础地质问题以及与其相关的基础理论问题相对应(表 2).笔者将其已发表的地质科学的复杂性理论“地质作用的临界过程动力学——地质系统在混沌边缘分形生长”应用于研究9个重大基础地质问题, 着重对于其中所包含的主要基础理论问题的实质及其理论与研究方法作较深入而简要的剖析.目的是通过将地质系统的复杂性作为地质科学的基本问题的新视角对古老而常新的地质科学进行再认识, 将重大基础地质问题的研究提高到非线性科学和复杂性理论的层次, 并实现地质科学向精确科学的跨越, 取得突破性进展      

中国沉积盆地复杂性的表现形式及其成因剖析

本文从9个方面阐述了中国沉积盆地的复杂性,主要表现为:①数量多,规模小,分布广;②盆地类型多样;③多期盆地叠合和盆地复合现象普遍;④陆相沉积盆地的复杂性;⑤断层数量众多,活动强烈;⑥后期改造强烈;⑦岩浆活动频繁,分布广泛;⑧充填速率较快,沉积中心多有迁移;⑨地热场空间不均。在此基础上,对中国沉积盆地复杂性的成因进行了剖析,指出中国特殊的大地构造位置,陆块面积小、稳定性差,活动带规模大、活动性强,复杂的板块构造格局和构造演化历史是造成中国沉积盆地复杂性的根本原因,并造成了中国沉积盆地与众不同的油气赋存特征。      

揭示地质现象的本质与核心--地质作用与时-空结构

对于如何将化学、数学、物理学和复杂性科学与地球科学相结合进行了长期的探索,得出主要结论：“地质作用与时－空结构是地质现象的本质与核心”。并且提出了由浅入深、由表及里、由静态到动态三个层次的表述形式及其相应的理论和方法,即：⑴用平衡、可逆过程热力学研究地质作用并分别用地质数学中的随机过程（马尔科夫过程）和随机场（“地质统计学”）表示时间的空间结构。这是静态的地质作用与时－空结构;（２）用非平衡、不可     

基于复杂性测度的中国洪灾受灾面积变化研究

采用复杂性测度方法来进行中国洪涝灾害受灾面积变化的研究。结果表明:(1) 20世纪80、90年代中国洪灾受灾面积及其复杂度均持续上升,说明洪灾剧烈,而且复杂多变、不确定性增加;进入21世纪,两者趋缓或下降,即中国洪涝灾害有所缓解;(2) 从分省区的结果来看,洪灾受灾面积的未来趋势具有区域特征,主要可划分为两个加剧的区域和两个减缓的区域;全国各省市区依据受灾面积趋势可划分为4个等级,在此基础上给出中国的未来洪灾受灾面积趋势图。     

地震前兆复杂性成因机理研究的讨论（二）：地震前兆复杂性成因机理

针对前兆复杂性的种种表现,作从震源、构造应力场、断裂力学、前兆监测等方面探讨了前兆复杂性产生的可能原因。认为前兆复杂性是客观存在的,与共性一起构成前兆的二重性,因此在研究前兆时,既要研究共性,也要研究复杂性,才能更好地掌握或认识前兆。同时从复杂性中再寻求普遍性,进一步完善孕震理论和开发新的分析预报方法;造成前兆复杂性的根本原因是孕震的物理力学过程的复杂性,其中包括地质构造、孕震环境、动力学过程、     

基于拓扑网络研究海州湾食物网结构与复杂性

针对食物网结构与复杂性的研究有助于深入解析食物网的功能、营养动力和能量转化过程。本文根据2011年3-12月在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的5个航次的渔业资源底拖网调查资料以及胃含物分析数据,基于11个拓扑网络指数,构建了海州湾拓扑网络,研究海州湾食物网的结构与复杂性。结果表明,本文分析的海州湾食物网物种数S为93,连接数L为1 021,每个物种的相互作用数量L/S为10.98,连接性L/S²为0.12;顶级物种、中间物种、基础物种的比例分别为29%、69%和2%;食物网的杂食性指数为87%,连接复杂性指数SC为22.20,特征路径长度ChPath为2.11,聚类系数CC为0.23。通过每个物种的相互作用数量和连接性的研究显示,L/S和L/S²的值都处在正常范围内,所以海州湾食物网的复杂性仍保持较高水平。通过物种比例、杂食性指数、连接复杂性指数、特征路径长度、聚类系数对食物网结构分析,发现海州湾食物网结构处于稳定状态,能够在一定程度上抵御外界环境的扰动,保证生态系统功能的正常运行。通过对海州湾食物网结构与复杂性的研究,将为今后海州湾食物网功能的深入...     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Unfairly Structured Cities . Blair Badcock Religion and Rural Revolt . Janos M. Bak and Gerhard Benecke The Industrial Geography of Canada . Anthony Blackbourn and Robert G. Putnam The Cuban-American Experience, Culture, Images, and Perspectives. Thomas D. Boswell and James R. Curtis Quaternary Paleoclimatology . R. S. Bradley Development and Crisis in Brazil, 1930–1983 . Luiz Bresser Pereiras Centres of Origin in Biogeography . John C. Briggs Analytical Urban Geography . Martin Cadwallader Geomorphology . Richard J. Chorley , Stanley A. Schumm, and David E. Sugden South Africa: The Impact of Past Geographies . A. J. Christopher The Geography of Underdevelopment. A Critical Survey . D. K. Forbes Health Care in Developing Countries . Wilbert M. Gesler Place to Grow Old: The Meaning of Environment in Old Age . Stephen M. Golant The Emerging Marine Economy of the Pacific . Chennat Gopalakrishnan An Introduction to Agricultural Geography . David B. Grigg The Soviet Union: A Geographical Study . G. Melvyn Howe Geographical Aspects of Health: Essays in Honour of Andrew Learmonth . N. D. Mc Glashan and J. R. Blunden Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation . Tom L. Mc Knight Mountain Experience. The Psychology and Sociology of Adventure. Richard G. Mitchell Jr . Systematic and Regional Biogeography. Stanley A. Morain The Economic Transformation of American Cities. T. J. Noyelle and T. M. Stanback , Jr . Normal Accidents: Living With High-Risk Technologies. Charles Perrow Vanishing Farmland: A Legal Solution for the States. Sarah E. Redfield Applied Methods of Regional Analysis: The Spatial Dimensions of Development Policy. Dennis A. Rondinelli Urbanization in Romania. A Geography of Social and Economic Change Since Independence. Per Ronnas Statistical Techniques in Geographical Analysis. Gareth Shaw and Dennis Wheeler The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and Human Design. Anne Whiston Spirn Political Geography: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Peter Taylor and John House Geographia y Medio Ambiente. Manuel Valenzuela -Rubío Nãgara and Commandery: Origins of the Southeast Asian Urban Traditions. Paul Wheatley The Common Fisheries Policy of the European Community. Mark Wise Geography and Gender. Women and Geography Study Group of the IBG Technological Hazards. D. J. Zeigler , J. H. Johnson , S. D. Brunn     

鲍店煤矿矿井构造复杂程度评价

在鲍店煤矿地质勘探和矿井开采资料系统分析和统计的基础上,应用分形理论和方法对矿井构造进行了构造复杂程度评价。评价结果表明,影响鲍店矿构造复杂程度的主要因素是断裂构造,褶皱构造的影响相对较弱;矿井的西部和北部铺子断层以西区域是矿井的2个构造复杂区,分维值均在1．2以上;矿井目前开采的七、九采区构造相对简单,尤其北部区域是构造简单区,是机械化采煤的有利区。     

Sentinel-1 observations of the 2016 Menyuan earthquake: A buried reverse event linked to the left-lateral Haiyuan fault

Knowledge on the interaction of active structures is essential to understand mechanics of continental deformation and estimate the earthquake potential in complex tectonic settings. Here we use Sentinel-1A radar imagery to investigate coseismic deformation associated with the 2016 Menyuan (Qinghai) earthquake, which occurred in the vicinity of the left-lateral Haiyuan fault. The ascending and descending interferograms indicate thrust-dominated slip, with the maximum line-of-sight displacements of 58 and 68 mm, respectively. The InSAR observations fit well with the uniform-slip dislocation models except for a larger slip-to-width ratio than that predicted by the empirical scaling law. We suggest that geometric complexities near the Leng Long Ling restraining bend confine rupture propagation, resulting in high slip occurred within a small area and much higher stress drop than global estimates. Although InSAR observations cannot distinguish the primary plane, we prefer the west-dipping solution considering aftershocks distribution and the general tectonic context. Both InSAR modelling and aftershock locations indicate that the rupture plane linked to the Haiyuan fault at 10 km depth, a typical seismogenic depth in Tibet. We suggest that the earthquake more likely occurred on a secondary branch at a restraining bend of the Haiyuan fault, even though we cannot completely rule out the possibility of it being on a splay of the North Qilian Shan thrusts.