北京气候变暖与主要极端气温指数的归因分析

在对资料进行均一化处理的基础上,分析了北京1960—2008 年气候变暖及主要极端气温指数的统计特征,并应用格兰杰检验法对其进行归因分析。结果表明:(1) 近49 a 来北京年平均气温增速约为0.39 ℃/(10 a),气候增暖具有明显的非对称性。(2) 霜冻指数和气温年较差呈下降趋势,降幅为3.9 d/(10 a)和0.8 ℃/(10 a)。生长季指数、暖夜指数及热浪指数则呈上升趋势,增幅平均达3.0 d/(10 a)、0.75%/(10 a)和1.5 d/(10 a)。(3) 北京年平均气温是霜冻指数、生长季指数及暖夜指数发生变化的格兰杰原因。虽然年平均气温与热浪指数在不同滞后期均具强相关性,但是检验表明它们之间并无显著的因果关系,很可能是由于某种原因导致的一种统计上的伪相关现象。      

北半球定常波输送西风动量的气候态及其年变化

利用高分辨率的再分析资料ERA40，分析了纬向平均状态下北半球不同尺度的定常波对西风动量沿经向输送的气候态及其年变化。结果表明，对流层中定常波对西风动量输送最强的区域位于中纬度对流层的中上层，定常波在该区域长年向北输送纬向动量，且输送中心随季节有南北移动和强弱变化。此外，在高纬度地区的对流层中上层以及赤道对流层顶附近还有两个相对较弱的输送中心。前者对西风动量的输送长年向南，其垂直范围从对流层低层一直伸展到平流层下层，中心位置相对固定，强度有明显的季节变化。后者位置也相对固定，但输送方向随季节改变。平流层中定常波对西风动量的输送主要位于中高纬度的平流层中上层，定常波在该区域长年向北输送西风动量，中心位置非常稳定，而强度则随季节变化明显。行星尺度定常波的输送作用与总波动的输送作用非常一致，并在很大程度上决定了波动对动量输送强度的季节变化。天气尺度定常波和10波以上的短波的输送作用主要集中在中纬度对流层的中高层。前者与行星尺度定常波共同决定了该区域内的输送强度，并主导了输送中心的南北移动；后者的作用很小，除夏季外均可以忽略。作者给出的不同尺度定常波对西风动量输送的气候态分布不但可以作为日后研究其年际变化的基础，而且还可以为大气环流模式对大气环流模拟能力的评估提供重要的参考。     

中国东部夏季极端降水时空分布及环流背景

基于中国测站的降水资料和NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,取第95百分位数作为极端降水阈值,通过经验正交函数分解(EOF)方法将中国东部分为华南、长江中下游、华北和东北三个地区,定义极端降水事件,并对中国东部夏季极端降水时空分布及环流背景进行研究。结果表明,极端降水事件随日期的变化与中国东部夏季雨带的南北移动相吻合。近54年来,华南极端降水事件频数在1991年左右突增,长江中下游地区有两次突变,1991年左右突增,2000年左右突减。华北和东北地区在1999年左右突减。发生极端降水事件时,低层850 hPa出现局地异常气旋环流,位势高度异常降低,对应低空异常辐合;中层500 hPa,西太副高位置异常偏南有利于华南极端降水的发生,副高西伸有利于长江中下游的极端降水,位置偏北易造成华北和东北极端降水;高层200 hPa,发生极端事件时降水关键区位于西风急流轴右侧,对应异常反气旋环流,这种高层辐散低层辐合的环流配置为极端降水提供动力条件。极端降水的气候平均态水汽主要来源于南半球和西北太平洋。副高的位置异常影响我国东部水汽输送异常,造成不同地区的极端降水。      

冬季北半球极涡强度对北太平洋风暴轴的影响

利用美国NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国国家气候中心北半球极涡强度指数资料,采用相关和合成分析等方法,初步分析了北半球极涡强度对北太平洋风暴轴的影响及其可能机制。研究发现,北半球极涡与北太平洋风暴轴之间有同步的强弱变化特征,在北半球极涡强度的高(低)值年,一般对应着风暴轴强度的增强(减弱),风暴轴区域扰动动能的加大(减弱),天气尺度涡动向极和向上的热量以及西风动量输送的显著增强(减弱)。进一步分析表明,极涡的异常变化可以通过改变欧亚大陆及其下游北太平洋上空的高度场,进而改变东亚西风急流的强度以及风暴轴上游的斜压性,从而对风暴轴产生影响。     

2008年广东“史上最强龙舟水”的气候成因

分析了2008年广东“史上最强龙舟水”的气候成因。结果表明：（1）从2007年8月持续到2008年5月的拉尼娜事件,是强降水的主要气候诱因,在其影响下,西太平洋暖池一带热带对流活跃,有利于不稳定能量向北输送;西太平洋副热带高压偏弱、偏东,雨带滞留华南;南海季风爆发偏早、偏强,为强降水提供了丰沛的水汽条件。（2）去冬今春南极海冰面积偏大和青藏高原南部积雪偏少,有利于增强夏季风环流。     

ON TEMPERATURE CHANGES OF SHANGHAI AND URBANIZATION IMPACTS

To understand how temperature varies in urban Shanghai under the background of global climate change and how it is affected by urbanization, the Shanghai temperature responses to global warming were analyzed, and then the temperature trends of urban and suburb stations under different climatic backgrounds were obtained. The urbanization effects on temperature were studied by comparing urban stations to suburb stations, the relationship between urbanization variables and temperature components were obtained, and observation data of surface and high level were combined to assess the contribution of urbanization effect. In the last part of the paper, the cause of urbanization effects on temperature was discussed. The results indicated: The long term change trend of Shanghai annual mean temperature is 1.31/100a from 1873 to 2004, the periods of 1921 – 1948 and 1979 – 2004 are warmer, and the 1979 – 2004 period is the warmest; compared to suburb stations, the representative urban station has slower decreases in the cool period and faster increases in the warm one; the urban and suburb temperatures have distinct differences resulting from urbanization and the differences are increasing by the year, with the difference of mean temperature and minimum temperature being the greatest in fall and that of maximum temperature being the largest in summer between the urban and suburban areas. The urbanization process accelerates the warming speed, with the minimum temperature being the most obvious; the urbanization effect contributes a 0.4°C increase in 1980s and 1.1°C in 1990s to the annual mean temperature.     

An Urban Surface Exchange Parameterisation for Mesoscale Models

A scheme to represent the impact of urban buildings on airflow in mesoscale atmospheric models is presented. In the scheme, the buildings are not explicitly resolved, but their effects on the grid-averaged variables are parameterised. An urban quarter is characterised by a horizontal building size, a street canyon width and a building density as a function of height. The module computes the impact of the horizontal (roof and canyon floor) and vertical (walls) surfaces on the wind speed, temperature and turbulent kinetic energy. The computation of the shortwave and longwave radiation, needed to compute the temperature of the urban surfaces, takes into account the shadowing and radiation trapping effects induced by the urban canyons. The computation of the turbulent length scales in the TKE equation is also modified to take into account the presence of the buildings.The parameterisation is introduced into a mesoscale model and tested in a bidimensional case of a city over flat terrain. The new parameterisation is shown to be able to reproduce the most important features observed in urban areas better than the traditional approach which is based only on the modification of the roughness length, thereby retaining the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory. The new surface exchange parameterisation is furthermore shown to have a strong impact on the dispersion characteristics of air pollutants in urban areas.     

2008年广东罕见寒冷灾害的特点、影响及防寒减灾对策

2008年1月,广东遭遇了历史罕见的寒冷灾害。此次寒冷灾害具有持续时间长、平均气温低、雨水多日照少、范围广等特点。大气环流异常和拉尼娜事件是造成寒冷灾害的主要原因。这场寒冷灾害给广东春运、能源电力、农业、林业、居民生活、旅游等造成了极大的影响。防寒减灾应采取强化寒冷灾害防范、加强寒冷灾害综合监测、提高全球气候变暖背景下寒冷灾害预测预报水平、努力拓宽寒冷灾害预警信息发布渠道、切实增强寒冷灾害应急处置能力等对策措施。     

广东省40多年来高温天气的时空变化特征

利用广东省76个气象站1962～2004年高温日数资料,通过经验正交函数分解和小波变换方法,对广东省高温天气的时空变化及低频振荡特征进行了研究。结果表明,广东高温天气的空间分布以全省一致型为主,部分年份还呈现南北差异型分布。高温日数波动在20世纪90年代末及以后最剧烈,其次为80年代,在60年代末至70年代初期间最稳定;气候突变发生在1998年。对时间系数进行小波变换发现,前两个特征向量的时间系数均具有显著的周期振荡特征,周期尺度也随时间的变化而变化。     

FOG CLIMATOLOGY OF THE SACRAMENTO URBAN AREA

The fog climatology of the Sacramento, California, urban area is examined through hourly meteorological records from four Sacramento area airports for the six winter fog seasons of December 1979–January 1980 through December 1984–January 1985. It is hypothesized that winter fogs are more frequent over cities than the surrounding countryside. An assessment of moderate to dense fog (visibility 5/8 mile [1 km] or less) reveals that the urban environment does not experience more fogs. When the definition of fog is expanded to include light fogs with visibility less than 7 miles (11.3 km), a greater frequency of fogs is found within the city. The light fogs probably result from urban air pollution and therefore are not true fogs. It is concluded that the urban environment does not enhance fog accurrence.