微量生物碳酸盐ICP-OES元素分析中的仪器优化

为优化电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-OES）测试微量生物碳酸盐中元素含量的工作条件,在Thermo—Fisher公司生产的iCAP6300 Radial型ICP—OES上,对1050组仪器条件、32种不同组成的标准溶液、36个谱线对和两种仪器校正工作曲线进行了测试;借助开源科学计算软件Scilab数据插值和可视化...     

反相微乳液法合成棒状纳米碳酸锶

在十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)-正己烷-正己醇-水组成的反相微乳液体系中合成纳米棒状碳酸锶。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对样品进行表征。研究了反应物浓度、ω(水与表面活性剂CTAB的物质的量之比)值等因素对产物尺寸和形貌的影响,提出了在反相微乳液中棒状纳米碳酸锶的生长机理。     

Global and regional factors responsible for the drowning of the Central Apennine Chattian carbonate platforms

This work discusses and interprets the factors responsible for the Oligocene–Miocene drowning of the Central Apennine platform deposits, based on facies and stable‐isotope analyses of two representative stratigraphic sections. The Mediterranean carbonate platforms were affected during the Oligocene–Miocene boundary by a carbonate production crisis that was induced by global factors and amplified by regional events, such as volcanic activity. The positive δ¹³C shift observed in the studied sections corresponds to vertical facies changes reflecting the evolution from middle carbonate ramp to outer ramp‐hemipelagic depositional environments. This drowning event is recorded not only in the Apennine platforms, but also in other Mediterranean platforms such as in southern Apulia, Sicily and Malta, and outside the Mediterranean Basin. The ~24–23.5 Ma Mi‐1 glacial maximum may have had a significant influence on this drowning event because it was associated with high rates of accumulation of continent‐derived sediments. The increased continental weathering and runoff sustained high trophic conditions. These probably were a consequence of the Aquitanian–Burdigalian volcanic activity in the Central‐Western Mediterranean, that may have led to an increase in nutrient content in seawater and an increase in atmospheric and marine CO₂ concentrations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

桂西乐业地区二叠系荷叶藻风暴岩的沉积特征

二叠系荷叶藻风暴岩在广西属首次发现。它广泛发育在乐业背斜构造的二叠系中。本文通过对两条典型剖面研究,论述了风暴岩的层序、沉积特征、组合类型及其分布,并探讨其沉积模式。认为:该风暴岩主要产于下二叠统栖霞组中部和茅口组底部两个层位的生物屑灰岩中,由荷叶藻及其它生物屑构成各种风暴沉积特征(如粒序层、平行层、丘状层、底面构造……),风暴沉积形成于孤立碳酸盐台地环境,并具有从台缘→台地中心、由近积风暴岩→远积风暴岩→次风暴岩分布规律。指出风暴岩的发现不仅具有沉积学意义,而且对二叠系的地层对比和藻灰岩的成因提供了依据和信息。     

河南缺水山区寒武－奥陶系碳酸盐岩含水介质研究

本文论及河南省豫北和豫西缺水山区寒武－奥陶系碳酸盐岩含水介质结构、构造和空间分布，在此基础上划分出区内四种主要含水介质类型：泥晶灰岩和颗粒泥晶灰岩密集裂隙－溶洞型、角砾状泥灰岩密集裂隙－溶孔型、亮晶鲕粒灰岩稀疏裂隙－溶洞型和结晶白云岩裂隙－晶（溶）孔型。     

广西方解石脉型金矿床的地质特征及成因

在二叠纪孤立碳酸盐台地边缘和生物礁的复合部位 ,含金方解石脉受右江断裂作用影响 ,具有挤压、扭动、碎裂构造特征 ,矿体产状以脉状为主 ,次为不规则状。矿石结构构造为透镜状、条带状、扁豆状、浸染状、细脉状和角砾状。金属矿物除自然金、银外 ,还有黄铁矿、辉锑矿、辰砂、白钨矿、毒砂、磁铁矿、褐铁矿 ;脉石矿物以方解石为主 ,次为石英、高岭石 ,局部有萤石、水云母。围岩蚀变自内向外具有硅化、高岭土化、黄铁矿化→硅化、黄铁矿化→褐铁矿化、重晶石化。矿石品位变化极大 ,一般为 (1.5～ 19.0 6 )× 10 -6,最高 44 0 .6 6× 10 -6,方解石脉晶洞中产皇冠状狗头金 ,重 47kg ,揭示了金矿资源的前景     

Upper Eocene travertine-lacustrine carbonate in the Jianchuan basin,southeastern Tibetan Plateau: Reappraisal of its origin and implication for the monsoon climate

The Asian monsoon is one of the largest climatic systems in the world, but age of its onset has been estimated differently ranging from the late Eocene to the Quaternary. We investigated the sedimentology and stable isotopic compositions of the upper Eocene Jiuziyan Formation, a terrestrial limestone unit in the Jianchuan basin, Yunnan Province in China. This limestone formation is restricted in several localities in the central part of the basin. Previously, this has been characterized as palustrine carbonate and the transition to the sublacustrine deposit of the overlying Shuanghe Formation was interpreted as the appearance of wetter climate during the late Eocene. Our observations of macro- and microfacies revealed sedimentary fabrics indicating rapid CaCO₃ precipitation, such as dendritic calcite and calcified reed stems, which are unlikely to develop in a simple lacustrine setting. High carbonate content (mostly >90 %) and restricted distribution of the Jiuziyan limestone indicate a depositional setting spatially limited and isolated from clastic influx. These findings, together with clearly higher δ¹³C values (−0.7 ‰ to +6.9 ‰) and lower δ¹⁸O values (−14.6 ‰ to −10.5 ‰) than those of the Shuanghe Formation, indicate that the limestone was mainly travertine, carbonate formed from endogenic spring water. The elevated δ¹³C resulted from a large amount of CO₂ degassing from spring water with high pCO₂. In addition, the occurrence of centimeter-scale lamination coupled with cyclic changes in δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O is almost identical with the modern annually-laminated travertine reported from Baishuitai in northern Yunnan Province, implying comparable amplitude of seasonal temperature and precipitation changes to the record of the modern travertine at Baishuitai. Our results do not contradict the previous interpretation of late Eocene wetting and additionally suggest the existence of the late Eocene monsoon climate in the Jianchuan basin.     

Multi-approach characterization of shallow-water carbonates off Minamitorishima and their depositional settings/history

Sedimentological, geochemical, and chronological analyses were carried out on 18 carbonate rock samples collected at depths of 938, 1085, and 3354 m on the western slope of Minamitorishima (Marcus Island), which is located near the western margin of the Pacific Plate. Four groups of carbonate rocks were distinguished: a mollusk-rich limestone, a coral-rich dolomite, a foraminiferal-nannofossil packstone, and a phosphatized mudstone/wackestone. The mollusk-rich limestone is characterized by the dominance of bivalves (including rudists) and gastropod shells. Strontium isotope ratios (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) and Mesorbitolina ex gr. texana (a large benthic foraminifer) indicate that the shallow-water carbonates were deposited during the late Aptian–early Albian (ca. 123–111 Ma). The coral-rich dolomite is characterized by abundant scleractinian corals and nongeniculate coralline algae associated with encrusting acervulinid foraminifers. The biotic composition is similar to that of the Oligocene–Pleistocene carbonates reported from other seamounts in the northwestern Pacific. Geochemical data show that the coral-rich carbonates were dolomitized at 9.5–6.8 Ma (Tortonian–Messinian) and that normal seawater was the most likely parent fluid. The foraminiferal-nannofossil packstone is a semi-consolidated foraminiferal-nannofossil ooze and was deposited during the Pleistocene (0.99–0.45 Ma). The phosphatized mudstone/wackestone is marked by the absence of macrofossils and the presence of traces of planktic foraminifers. Although its depositional age is not constrained, the Sr isotope ratios indicate that the phosphatization occurred at 33.2–28.9 Ma. After the deposition of the Cretaceous shallow-water carbonates, including the mollusk-rich limestone, Minamitorishima was drowned and its top was covered with a pelagic cap, represented by the mudstone/wackestone. The late Eocene–early Oligocene volcanism (40.2–33.2 Ma) caused episodic uplift and returned the top of Minamitorishima to a shallow-water environment. After the early Oligocene phosphatization of the pelagic cap, coral reefs flourished on the top of this island. The reef limestone was dolomitized during the Tortonian–Messinian.     

Effects of low temperatures on strength and power input into rock failure

Study results of low temperature effects on the strength index and specific power input into rock failure are presented.It has been experimentally determined that within the range of-5 °С to-15 °С,there is a local minimum at which the compression strength and specific power input into failure of some rocks are 10%-50% lower than those at positive temperatures.     

碳酸盐成岩作用的研究前沿和值得思考的问题

碳酸盐成岩作用在碳酸盐沉积学,尤其是在碳酸盐储层沉积学中具有十分重要的意义,近年在以下领域取得重要进展：（1）白云岩烃类储层的几何学和岩石成因学,尤其涉及到对已有白云化模式的评论和重新认识等。（2）碳酸盐储层热液改造的构造控制机理,涉及热液白云岩的成因及其对烃类储层的影响,尤其是深部热流体对碳酸盐成岩作用的影响。（3）对一些经典成岩理论的更新和对传统成岩理论的挑战,尤其是对混合水成岩作用带和对海水环境下的埋藏成岩作用的重新认识等。（4）锶同位素组成在海相碳酸盐研究中的广泛应用,涉及对地质事件的跟踪研究、海相地层的等时对比、定年和成岩过程中水一岩相互作用的研究等。然而,碳酸盐成岩作用研究中也存在一些问题值得我们思考：（1）深埋条件下碳酸盐最为重要的溶解介质可能是作为硫酸盐还原作用产物的H2S和CO2,但并非是温度越高,碳酸盐越溶解,相对较低的温度条件反而有利于溶解,这就是所谓的倒退溶解模式。（2）碳酸盐溶解需要有温度的降低（即必须要有足够的负△T）,这可通过两种途径实现：其一是沿断层向上运移的流体,显示断层等构造作用在碳酸盐成岩研究中的重要性;二是构造抬升,显示与构造有关的埋藏历史在碳酸盐成岩研究中的重要性。（3）控制白云石锶含量最为重要的因素是其晶体化学习性,锶在白云石中的较低的分配系数导致了白云岩普遍较低的锶含量,因此,我们不能仅利用白云岩的锶含量来判断白云化流体的性质,白云岩较低的锶含量也不能说明相应的白云化流体与海水无关。（4）与硫酸盐还原作用有关的SO4^2-的带出会诱发白云化作用或白云石的沉淀,而与硫酸盐溶解有关的SO4^2-的引入则会加速白云石的溶解。