渤海35油田非均质储层钻井应对技术

渤海35油田沙河街组水平井穿层较多,整体水平段砂泥岩比例不稳定、交互较多,若处理措施不当,易发生井壁失稳,也易造成防砂管柱下入困难、盲管配管较多以及投产后筛管堵塞严重的问题。通过钻进过程中使用随钻工具及时跟踪,调整井眼轨迹,对钻井液体系、钻井工艺技术等方面进行调整,有效提高了渤中深部地层强非均质水平井油层钻遇率,得出了一些实际操作的方法和经验,对深部地层强非均质水平井现场实施具有较高的参考价值。     

天津地热资源现状与可持续性开发利用问题

天津地区地热资源十分丰富,至2005年底,已有地热井269眼,年开采量2564万m^3。但地热资源利用率最高为62．4％,地热尾水回灌率不到8％,是一种粗放的开发利用模式。笔者从实现地热资源可持续开发利用角度出发,针对天津地区不同热储层的特征,在阐述天津地热资源开发利用现状的基础上,针对所存在的缺乏统一规划、地热利用率低和回灌量少等问题,针对不同的开采类型区制订了相应的保护措施及保护目标,提出了分区管理、总量控制、强度控制、利用方式控制和优化配置的保护原则,为有限、宝贵的地热水可持续开发利用提供技术保证;并提出地热资源必须走回灌开发道路,增加回灌井,提高回灌率是实现地热资源可持续开发利用的重要保障。     

Shallow-Water Gasohydrothermal Vents of Ushishir Volcano and the Ecosystem of Kraternaya Bight (The Kurile Islands)

Abstract. A marine ecosystem in the crater of the Ushishir Volcano (Kraternaya Bight, Yankich Island, the Kuriles) showing gasothcrmal activity was studied for hydrographical, hydrochemical, and biological characteristics. Maximal changes in chemical and biological characteristics were observed in the surface water layer of 0–5 m. This layer had higher water temperature, was saturated with volcanogcnic carbon dioxide (up to 2000 10^-6 torr), ovcrsaturatcd with oxygen (up to 200 %), and contained high concentrations of chlorophyll a. Hydrogen sulfide was found in the surface water layer and at a depth of 15 m in the area of maximal effect of volcanic effluents.
The planktonic community is characterized by high rates of production and destruction of organic matter only in the 0–5 m layer. Daily vertical migrations of the ciliatc Mesodinium rubrum were observed, which caused "red tides".
Bacterial, algobacterial, and diatom mats developed on the bottom of the bight in the zone of gasohydrothermal vents and in areas of volcanic water seeping. The rate of organic matter production in algobacterial mats reached 33.4g C-rrr²-d^-l, chcmolithotrophy predominating. Bottom settlements had high population density and great animal biomass, which reached 10 kg m^-2 in gasohydrothermal fields. They obtain sufficient energy from primary production of microphy-tobenthos, algobacterial, and bacterial mats. Bcnthic species dominant in the bight were not found off the Ushishir Islands.
Some species of macrobenthos inhabiting the Kraternaya Bight differ markedly in size and biomass from the same species found beyond the bight.     

Lithium Abundances in the Atmospheres of SLR C-Giants WZ Cas and WX Cyg from Resonance and Subordinate Li I Lines

Lithium abundances in the atmospheres of the super Li-rich C-giants WZ Cas and WX Cyg are derived by the spectral synthesis technique using the Li I resonance line at λ670.8 nm and three subordinate lines at λλ 812.6, 610.4 and 497.2 nm. The differences between the Li abundances derived from the λ670.8 nm line and the λλ 497.2, 812.6 nm lines do not exceed ±0.5 dex. The lithium line at λ610.4 nm provides typically lower abundances than the resonance line (by ≈ 1 dex). The mean LTE and NLTE Li abundances from three Li I lines (excluding λ610.4 nm) are 4.7, 4.9 for WZ Cas, and 4.6, 4.8 for WX Cyg, respectively. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

我国个人所得税制度完善的法律思考

个人所得税是与每个人联系都很紧密的税种,它的完善与否,直接体现了我国法制建设的完善程度及居民素质的高低。但现行税制由于内外原因,存在各种缺陷。因此有必要在理论中找到对策,并在实践中寻求答案逐步完善个人所得税制度。     

Characters of the Pco2 and CO2 Flux in the East China Sea in Autumn

Pco2 of air and seawater samples from the East China Sea(ECS) were measured in situ in autumn, 1994,Ocean currents,terrestrial fluviation,biological activities,etc.,Pco2 char-acters in air and seawater were investigated,CO2 flux and its character in the East China Sea are discussed on the basis of the Pco2 profiles of air and seawater,It was clear that the nearshore was the source of CO2;and tht the oulter sea area was the sink of CO2; and that the shelf area of the EXS is a net sink for atmospheric CO2 in autumn.     

利用跨断层形变资料研究天山中段断层现今活动特征

利用2001年以来天山中段多个跨断层形变场地的测量资料,从断层运动方向和断层平均速率2个方面分析天山中段3条断层现今活动特征。结果表明,霍玛吐断裂呼图壁段断层的活动性质为正、逆断和左、右旋交替活动;北轮台-辛格尔断裂库尔勒段断层表现为右旋运动特征,活动性质为逆断性;妖魔山F2断裂乌鲁木齐段的断层活动性质以逆断为主。妖魔山F2断裂乌鲁木齐段断层的活动程度最高,霍玛吐断裂呼图壁段最低。霍玛吐断裂、北轮台-辛格尔断裂、妖魔山F2断裂垂直方向上基本均处于张性变化,前两者水平向处于挤压状态;断层活动速率的时间进程具有阶段性特征,各个时间段转折点有较好的匹配性。     

样品前处理过程中多环芳烃的稳定碳同位素分馏

利用多环芳烃标准样品连续和穿插进样相结合的方式,检验了气相色谱-燃烧-同位素比质谱仪(GC-C-IRMS)测定多环芳烃单体碳同位素比值(δ13C)的稳定性和准确性,观察了测定过程中色谱柱的分离效果。结果表明,出峰面积和分离程度是影响化合物δ13C平行性的主要原因。通过多次实验,分析了样品前处理过程中多环芳烃各个化合物稳定碳同位素的分馏情况,包括凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和硅胶柱等净化过程,以及旋转蒸发和氮气吹扫等浓缩过程。实验表明,各前处理过程中样品内多环芳烃的稳定碳同位素分馏均不明显,其中硅胶柱净化过程相比GPC过程对样品中多环芳烃的δ13C影响较大,但总体上仍未超过未处理标样δ13C值的2倍标准偏差范围。旋转蒸发和氮吹过程对样品中多环芳烃的δ13C影响程度相当,都位于未处理标样δ13C值1倍标准偏差以内的水平。     

天津武清地区云凝结核变化特征

利用2009年11—12月在天津武清气象局测量的云凝结核(CCN:Cloud Condensation Nuclei)浓度资料以及气溶胶数谱分布的观测资料,分析了武清地区在不同过饱和度(0.1%～1.0%)下云凝结核浓度及活化率的变化特征。结果表明:武清地区冬季CCN数浓度变化范围很大,过饱和度1%时,浓度变化范围为4000～32000cm-3,且浓度受风速影响明显,风速2级以下CCN数浓度很高,过饱和度1%时,其平均浓度可达16000cm-3,但对于4级风速以上CCN平均浓度为4000cm-3左右;在过饱和度0.1%～0.4%间CCN浓度变化较大,过饱和度每增加0.1%,CCN浓度增加值平均约为过饱和度0.4%～1.0%间浓度增量的5倍。低过饱和度(0.1%、0.2%)下,活化率受风速影响明显,1级风速下的CCN活化率约为4级风速下的3倍,但在过饱和度1%时活化率则相差不大。CCN浓度的日变化呈双峰型,峰值时刻为北京时间08:00和18:00左右,活化率的日变化则呈双谷型,这主要是受局地排放影响的结果。利用指数函数拟合各风速下CCN浓度过饱和度谱,表明该地谱型为典型的大陆型。     

青藏高原黑碳气溶胶传输及沉降的季节特征模拟分析

根据全球气溶胶气候模式GEM-AQ/EC的1995~2004年模拟,分析了青藏高原大气黑碳气溶胶的来源、传输及沉降季节特征。研究表明:青藏高原黑碳气溶胶主要来自自由对流层和大气边界层的输送。相对于自由对流层的黑碳输送,紧邻青藏高原的南亚、东亚以及东南亚大气边界层的输送更有效,它形成了青藏高原由北向南、自西往东黑碳气溶胶浓度和沉降明显递增的基本分布形态。横跨欧亚大陆自由对流层的黑碳气溶胶由西向东向青藏高原的输送全年不变,夏季输送路径最北但强度最弱,冬季路径最南而强度最强。大气边界层黑碳气溶胶的输送受控于亚洲季风环流变化,来自南亚的黑碳气溶胶在春季越过孟加拉湾传输进入高原东南部,夏季则可翻越喜马拉雅山抵达青藏高原南部腹地;同时我国中部排放的黑碳气溶胶也在东亚夏季风向北扩展中驱动它从东向西往青藏高原东北部传输。从秋季到冬季,随着夏季风撤退,南亚黑碳源区向青藏高原传输衰退,东亚冬季风的反气旋性环流的南侧及西南侧的偏东风携带秋季我国东南部源区和冬季东南亚源区黑碳气溶胶向青藏高原东南部传输。受青藏高原明显的暖湿季和干冷季气候影响,干湿沉降分别主导了青藏高原冬季和夏季黑碳沉降,夏季青藏高原黑碳气溶胶沉降总量大多超过8~10 kg·km-2,在高原东北部的最高值超过40 kg·km-2。冬季青藏高原黑碳气溶胶沉降量最低,大部地区黑碳沉降低于5 kg·km-2。青藏高原黑碳沉降的冬夏季节相差约为2~8倍。