桂林丫吉岩溶试验场不同地貌部位土壤钙元素形态特征

岩溶区石灰土是在热带、亚热带地区碳酸盐岩类经溶蚀风化后的产物,岩溶区石灰土具有富钙偏碱的地球化学特点,但是岩溶区石灰土中钙的形态特征尚不清楚。为研究岩溶区土壤钙的形态随季节变化特征,在丫吉岩溶试验场不同地貌部位采集土壤样品,采用BCR方法,分析和探讨了土壤中钙的形态特征及其随季节的迁移特征。结果表明：（1）总体上,研究区土壤总钙平均含量为5.25±0.68 g kg-1,各形态钙所占总钙的比例大小顺序为酸溶态＞可还原态＞残渣态＞可氧化态;并且除可氧化态钙之外,其余钙形态与土壤总钙均呈极显著的正相关关系（P<0.01）;（2）从季节上看,基本均表现为随着四季的更替,逐渐降低,但除残渣态钙随季节变化差异显著外,总钙和其余钙形态在季节上的差异不显著;（3）从地貌上来看,总钙和各形态钙含量均表现为坡地最大,并且坡地与其它地貌部位的差异性显著（P<0.05）,而平原、垭口和洼地的各形态钙之间的差异不显著（P>0.05）。     

影响海陆交互相沉积物亮度的几个因素

对中国北方莱州湾南岸钻孔上部54m海陆交互相沉积物的亮度进行研究,探讨其作为海陆交互相沉积物的环境指标的可行性,同时通过对比不同样品处理方式所得的亮度值探讨影响亮度的几个因素。测量分2次进行,分别使用Minolta CM-2002分光光度计针对柱状原样及Minolta CR400/410色差计针对风干研磨后的散样进行。研究结果表明,海陆交互相沉积物的亮度,尤其是经过风干处理后样品的亮度值,与碳酸钙含量及粒度两个古气候代用指标均具有显著相关关系,可以将其作为碳酸钙含量的替代指标应用于海陆交互相沉积物的环境演化研究。而亮度值与碳酸钙含量不一致性,可归因于沉积物中非碳酸钙组分的性质及含量。粒度与亮度的相关性显示,钻孔砂质沉积中含有的大量深色的有机质使得钻孔中粒度0～31μm的部分比例越高,亮度会越大,而粒度>31μm的部分比例越高,亮度会越小。2次亮度值的对比表明,水分、氧化作用及研磨是沉积物2次测量所得亮度值存在差异的主要原因。     

鹿角杯形珊瑚骨骼构造和显微结构的研究

石珊瑚骨骼对重建古海洋古气候环境,评估珊瑚礁对未来气候变化、海洋酸化的响应和反馈,辨识现存造礁石珊瑚种属及其演化途径有着十分重要的作用和意义。为了更好地认知造礁石珊瑚骨骼特征,在三亚海域采集了常见的造礁石珊瑚——鹿角杯形珊瑚Pocillopora damicornis,通过扫描电镜(结合EDS能谱仪)、红外分光显微镜分析其碳酸钙骨骼结构和成分的特征,结果表明鹿角杯形珊瑚骨骼主要成分为文石,少数骨骼样品的空腔中发育有极少量方解石矿物。虽然鹿角杯形珊瑚骨骼宏观架构和中观架构在群体间和单体间存在诸多差异,但不同形态的骨骼样品具有基本相同的发育模式和基础结构单元。同时,发现鹿角杯形珊瑚骨骼内部空腔存在有次生文石沉积发育现象,同时常伴生着水镁石矿物的发育,而且这与骨骼中的钻孔穴居动物有很大关联。     

昼夜节律性温度变化对蛋鸡血钙浓度及其pH值的影响

选用40周龄艾维因父母代向种母鸡24只,设适温（13～23℃）和高温（25～38℃）两个处理,测定了母鸡在蛋壳钙沉积期间血钙（Ca2+）和总钙（TCa）浓度及pH值的变化。结果表明,在不同的环境温度下,母鸡血Ca2+和TCa浓度的变化规律各不相同,当母鸡适应了昼夜节律性变化的高温环境时,用于蛋壳钙沉积的有效钙供应量不会减少（P＜0．05）,高温组母鸡血液pH值显著高于适温组（P＜0．05）,且高温引起蛋壳品质下降。     

Simultaneous determination of calcium and magnesium in water using artificial neural network spectro-photometric method

A new analytical method using Back-Propagation(BP) artificial neural networks and spectrophotometry for simultaneous determination of calcium and magnesium in tap water,the Yellow River water and seawater is established.By condition experiment,the optimum analytical conditions for calcium,magnesium and Arsenazo(Ⅲ) color reactions are obtained.Levenberg-Marquart(L-M) algorithm is used for calculation in BP neural network.The topological structure of three-layer BP ANN network architecture is chosen as 11-10-2(nodes).The initial value of gradient coefficient μ is fixed at 0.001 and the increase factor and reduction factor of μ take the default values of the system.The data are processed by computers with our own programs written in MATLAB 7.0.The relative standard deviations of the calculated results for calcium and magnesium are 2.31% and 2.14%,respectively.The results of standard addition method show that the recoveries of calcium and magnesium are 103.6% and 100.8% in the tap water,103.2% and 96.6% in the Yellow River water(Lijin district of Shandong Province),and 98.8%-103.3% and 98.43%-103.4% in seawater from Jiaozhou Bay of Qingdao.It is found that 14 common cations and anions do not interfere with the determination of calcium and magnesium under the optimum experimental conditions.The comparative experiments do not show any obvious difference between the results obtained by this new method and those obtained by the classical complexometric titration method in seawater medium.This method exhibits good reproducibility and high accuracy in the determination of calcium and magnesium and can be used for the simultaneous determination of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in tap water and natural water.     

饲料中钙、磷和水体盐度对南美白对虾幼虾生长的影响

用不同钙、磷含量的配合饲料在不同的盐度水体中对南美白对虾幼虾 (Penaeus vannamei)进行饲养试验.试验采取 L9(3 4),磷添加量设 3个水平 0%, 0.75%, 1.5%;钙添加量设 3个水平 0%, 0.75%, 1.5%;水体盐度设 3个水平 4, 17, 30.结果显示,各因素对南美白对虾体质量日增率、饲料系数、成活率的影响大小为盐度 >磷 >钙,对蛋白质效率的影响大小为盐度 >钙 >磷.盐度 4时,不添加钙的组体质量日增率、饲料系数、成活率和蛋白质效率最差;盐度 17时,饲料中磷的添加非常重要.南美白对虾幼虾最适的生长因素是盐度为 17,钙添加量为 1.5%,磷添加量为 1.5%     

^14C年代测定中乙炔制备方法的实验研究

本文主要论述了＾１４Ｃ年代测定中用氯代钙代替氯化锶制备乙炔的理论依据和实验流程，并对实验结果进行了分析。     

The influence of particle morphology on microbially induced CaCO3 clogging in granular media

Abstract

Sporosarcina pasteurii (ATCC 11859) is a nitrogen-circulating bacterium capable of precipitating calcium carbonate given a calcium source and urea. This microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is able to infill inter-granular porosity and act as a biological clogging agent, thus having a wide potential application in strengthening coastal foundations, preventing erosion by seas and rivers and in reducing sand liquefaction potential in coastal areas. A successful MICP application requires the understanding of the primary parameters that influence the microbially mediated process to achieve its engineering goals, such as injection scheme, chemical concentrations, retention times, and injection rates. However, the granular morphology has generally been oversimplified to ideal shape without enough consideration in previous studies. The following explores the critical micro-scale influence of particle morphology on mechanisms of microbially induced clogging. Spherical, non-spherical and angular particles were used as granular aggregates in permeating column experiments with the resulting permeability and calcium carbonate content of the treated aggregates examined. Microscopic examination (SEM) defines the features of the distribution of microbially precipitated calcium carbonate and the forms of clogging. The results show: (1) given a fixed duration of treatment, the calcium carbonate content for the spherical particle aggregate is significantly higher than that for near-spherical and angular particle aggregates; (2) for identical durations of treatment, the maximum permeability reduction occurs for angular particles (rather than for spherical particles with the highest carbonate content). This suggests that the microscopic distribution of calcium carbonate is significantly influenced by particle morphology, exerting a critical control in the effectiveness of clogging. SEM images indicate that the microbial calcium carbonate precipitates encapsulate the spherical particles as a near-uniform shell and occlude the pore space only by increasing the shell thickness. In contrast, the near-spherical and angular particles are only partially coated by a calcium carbonate film with scattered crystals of vaterite and calcite further clogging the void space. The polyhedral nature of the non-spherical particles tends to result in a slot-shaped pore structure which critically defines the hydraulic conductivity of the ensemble medium. As the microbial vaterite and calcite continue to accumulate on the particle surface, these slot-shaped pore structures become increasingly more tortuous – resulting in a noticeable reduction of permeability at a lower calcium carbonate content.     

Characteristics of plant calcium fractions for 25 species in Tengger Desert

Little attention has been paid to plant calcium fractions in the desert.To address the characteristic of the calcium fractions of desert plants,we collected 25 plant species in Tengger Desert,observed the calcium crystals using an optical microscope and determined water soluble calcium,acetic acid soluble calcium,and hydrochloric acid soluble calcium.To do so,we used sequential fractionation procedures to probe the relationships among different functional groups,different growth forms,or different successional stages.The results showed that the psammophyte,the late successional plants,and the drought-resistant shrub and semi-shrub all held considerable calcium oxalate crystal compared to the grassland plants,the early successional plants,and the perennial herb.With the proceeding succession,the acetic acid soluble calcium decreased gradually,and the hydrochloric acid soluble calcium increased gradually.The perennial herb had more water soluble calcium,while shrub held greater hydrochloric acid soluble calcium.The grassland plants held more water soluble calcium,while psammophyte had greater hydrochloric acid soluble calcium.This implies that the plants that are relatively sensitive to drought hold more calcium ion,while the drought-resistance plants hold more calcium oxalate.Thus,the plant calcium components are in close relation to plant drought-resistance,and of important significance in plant physiology of the desert.     

Invertebrate community response to experimental lime (Ca(OH)2) treatment of an eutrophic pond

Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂), or hydrated lime, has recently been reintroduced in western Canada as a treatment to reduce macrophytes and algae in eutrophic waters. We examined the effects and recovery of aquatic invertebrates of the Ca(OH)₂ treatment (250 mg L^–1) of one half of a divided eutrophic pond compared to the untreated half. Nine weeks following treatment, total invertebrates on the untreated side were present at 1917 ± 555 individuals m^–2, and on the treated side at 822 ± 186 individuals m^–2. Notably, Chironomidae represented 13% of invertebrates on the untreated half, but dominated numerically with 72% on the treated half of the pond. The remaining five most abundant taxa in the untreated side were 88%–99% less abundant in the treated half of the pond. Diversity and evenness were twice as high for the untreated half as for the treated half of the pond. Because macrophytes were also extirpated with the Ca(OH)₂ treatment, macrophyteassociated taxa were absent or at low numbers in the treated half. The death of organisms on the treated side of the pond may have been caused (directly or indirectly) by the pH shock associated with Ca(OH)₂ treatments. Slow recolonization by most invertebrates during the year of treatment was probably due to the lack of heterogeneous macrophyte habitat. Follow-up sampling 3 years later indicated that the pond completely regained the abundance and biological diversity of flora and fauna.