Lithogenic concentrations of trace metals in soils and saprolites over crystalline basement rocks: A case study from SW Nigeria

In this study, an assessment of the lithogenic concentrations of trace metals in soils and saprolite over basement rock units in Ibadan, SW-Nigeria is presented in respect of bedrock types and geochemical controls on the weathering-associated release of trace metals. Consequently, soil, weathered and fresh rock samples from the Precambrian Basement of SW Nigeria were collected from three different bedrock units within Ibadan metropolis and subjected to mineralogical and geochemical analyses. The analytical results revealed major proportions of oxides in the range of 18–20% Al₂O₃, 2–6% Na₂O and 1–6% K₂O for weathered profiles over granite-gneiss and pegmatite units, compared to 2–3% Al₂O₃, <0.5% Na₂O and <1.0% K₂O over schist-quartzite. For the trace elements, weathered profiles on granite-gneiss and schist-quartzite settings exhibit similar enrichment trends (enrichment factor, EF l) for most of the trace elements, unlike the pegmatite bedrock. However, enrichments are relatively greater in the top soil unit compared to the intermediate saprolite unit, especially for Pb, Ni, Zn, Cr, Co, Rb, Sr and Ba, a situation attributed to leaching and redistribution within the weathered profiles through pedogenetic process and percolating groundwater.Furthermore, the estimated weathering indices using Ruxton Ratio (RR = {SiO₂/Al₂O₃}) and Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA = 100{Al₂O₃/[Al₂O₃ + CaO + Na₂O + K₂O]}) revealed RR of 2.9–3.7 and CIA of 54–73% for granite-gneiss and pegmatite units, implying medium levels of weathering, compared to RR of 30.8–35.5 and CIA of >60% for schist-quartzite units, which suggest weak chemical weathering. Also, the estimated high percentage loss, especially for Pb, Rb, Sr, Ba relative to the bedrocks, shows that the trace elements can be mobilized within the weathering profiles even at a low degree of chemical weathering. Such weathering-induced release of trace metals is of environmental significance as natural lithogenic input sources and as background reference for future monitoring of possible human/anthropogenic impacts.     

面向新型城镇化的气候承载力指标研究——以皖江城市带为例

从服务新型城镇化进程出发,本文基于气候条件与人类活动的相互作用关系,同时考虑气候的资源和灾害双重属性,识别并构建了包含气候资源供给、气候灾害限制和城镇化协调发展水平三方面要素的气候承载力评价指标体系,进而采用熵权法、耦合协调度模型和GIS技术等方法实现了指标的量化,形成了气候承载力的综合评价指标和模型。以皖江城市带为例,应用该套指标方法探讨了气候承载力的空间格局与关键影响因子,结果表明,皖江城市带城镇化发展格局与气候承载力分布较为一致,气候承载力较高的地区意味着可容纳的城市发展负荷量较高,而与之对应的这些地区城镇化集聚程度也较高;但气候承载力水平空间差异显著,区域整体气候承载力还有待进一步优化提升。根据城镇化集聚度和气候承载力特点,将皖江城市带分为4个等级和12种类型,并进一步揭示了不同类型地区存在的承载力"短板"和问题现状。     

Assessing the determinants of territorial cohesion: Evidence from Colombian departments

Territorial cohesion is a concept that is generating growing interest in both the academic-scientific and political arenas. This paper presents an approach to the analysis of territorial cohesion and, more specifically, proposes a definition of the concept and its dimensions in order to empirically test the approach on the Colombian departmental model. To this effect, a methodology was designed that, by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to calculate composite indices, measures and evaluates the level of territorial cohesion in Colombian departments from a multidimensional and integrative perspective, and identifies the factors that influence that cohesion. The results could provide useful data for policy makers in the design of public policies to influence factors that facilitate more balanced and inclusive territorial development. This is especially relevant in light of the recent signing and ratification of the Peace Agreement in November 2016, given that the Colombian Government is currently in the process of designing policies that have the potential to promote cohesion within its territories.     

Functional diversity of fish and invertebrates in coral and rocky reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific

To define the functional groups of fish and macroinvertebrates in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), visual censuses were performed in 18 areas of four biogeographic provinces: Cortés, Mexican, Panamic and Oceanic Islands. A total of 257 fish and macroinvertebrate species were recorded, and from them, 27 morpho‐functional groups (MFGs) were constructed on the basis of trophic level, maximum size, taxonomy and morphology. Biomass, richness, diversity and evenness of MFGs were calculated for each province and compared statistically; a regression analysis between taxonomic and functional diversity was conducted to observe the relationship between these two indicators. There were significant differences in all ecological indices (p < .002), highlighting the high biomass and richness of MFGs in the Cortés and Oceanic Islands provinces (>400 g/m²), associated with the influence of cold currents in the northernmost region and less fishing pressure in protected areas. A decreasing pattern of MFG richness towards the tropics was observed, which demonstrates that in the ETP, the relationship between habitat heterogeneity and species diversity has been translated into functional complexity. The Mexican province was the most functionally diverse (biomass well distributed in the MFG; H′ = 0.46 ± 0.009). Related to this, it is predicted that biomass is biased towards certain functional groups (i.e., large carnivores), which shows that the H′ index of the MFG is not a good indicator of the conservation status of ETP reefs. Finally, regression analysis suggests that functional diversity increases at low species diversity but eventually reaches an asymptote (almost all possible functions are represented).     

内蒙古沙尘暴天气系统及预报指标探讨

根据21 世纪15 a 来出现在内蒙古的沙尘暴个例,归纳形成沙尘暴的高空环流背景和地面天气系统,提炼预报指标。结果显示：沙尘暴是强冷空气爆发南下的过程,具有冷空气强、锋区强、高空急流强的特征;造成内蒙古沙尘暴的高空环流背景可分为高脊移动型、冷槽下滑型、横槽型和低涡旋转型等四个类型;强烈发展的蒙古气旋和冷锋是造成沙尘暴的主要地面天气系统。沙尘暴预报应主要着眼于高空急流轴的位置、乌拉尔山高压脊、高空锋区、蒙古气旋及冷锋、地面变压中心、高空正涡度平流中心与地面气旋相叠置的区域等方面。     

基于时序遥感数据的农作物种植制度研究进展与展望

及时准确掌握农作物种植制度时空分布信息,对于确保国家粮食安全与农业结构合理具有重要意义。随着时序遥感影像质量的不断提高,基于时序遥感数据的农作物种植制度研究备受关注。本文从研究框架、遥感特征参数以及数据产品等角度,分析了基于时序遥感数据的农作物种植制度最新研究进展。研究发现:(1)前农作物种植制度研究框架,主要包括耕地复种指数和农作物制图等相关内容,其问题在于需要高质量耕地分布数据支撑以及易将热带亚热带湿润区撂荒地误判为农作物等;(2)于红边和短波红外的新型多维度光谱指数,有助于更好地揭示农作物生长发育过程,大尺度农作物时序遥感制图取得了系列研究成果,但需要应对不同作物光谱差异细微、同种作物在不同区域和年份存在明显类内异质性的挑战;(3)尺度中高分辨率耕地复种指数产品不断丰富,但其时效性和时空连续性有待加强;(4)欧美少数国家外,目前农作物分布数据产品覆盖的作物类型有限,我国大尺度农作物种植制度数据产品欠缺,特别是复杂多熟制农业区。随着多源遥感数据时空谱分辨率的不断提高以及云计算平台性能的不断发展,我们对以下方面进行了研究展望:(1)新研究框架,建立直接提取耕作区、农作物种植模式的农作...     

地缘政治经济背景下中老-中越边境地区橡胶林时空扩展特征研究

国家间地缘政治经济关系正在驱动区域土地利用变化,边境地区首当其冲。20世纪90年代以来,全球橡胶市场的强劲需求以及中南半岛与域外国家40多个地缘经济合作机制的实施,引起了包括中国与老挝(以下称“中老”)-中国与越南(以下称“中越”)边境地区橡胶林扩展种植在内的显著土地利用变化。基于此,利用Landsat影像构建的橡胶林落叶-新叶萌生期内植被-水分指数(Renormalized Vegetation Index, RNVI)组合算法,获取中老-中越边境地区1990年代以来中老、中越地缘政治经济关键节点的橡胶林种植信息,进而揭示中老、中越地缘政治经济关系对其边境地区橡胶林扩展的影响及其国别差异。结果表明:(1)在“替代种植”与边境农林合作等地缘政治经济影响下,中老-中越边境地区橡胶林种植面积由1992年的995.5 km²增加至2018年的5537.7 km²,增长近4.6倍,且呈明显的沿边性和跨境性;(2)随着中老磨憨-磨丁口岸开通、中老北部九省合作机制构建等,1992—2018年,中老边境沿线30 km缓冲区内橡胶林种植面积从244.7 km...     

汕头市土地利用景观指数粒度效应初探

采用决策树、归一化光谱混合分析(NSMA)方法,参照全国土地分类标准,分类解译汕头市2006年ETM 数据,并获取不同粒度系列景观类型图。在此基础上,借助Fragstats 3.3软件,从类型水平和景观水平两方面分别选取8个景观指数指标,探讨不同粒度景观类型图条件下,景观指数随粒度变化的特征。结果表明,类型水平上景观指数粒度效应变化明显,但规律性不易把握;景观水平上,随着粒度的增加,多数指数呈现尺度效应且存在尺度转折点。参照指数特征及转折点确定汕头市ETM 数据土地利用景观指数计算的适宜粒度范围(150～210 m)。     

应用底栖动物完整性指数评价太湖生态健康

依据2010年春季至2012年秋季,太湖32个样点的底栖动物和环境变量共11次的季节性调查结果,采用干扰程度最小系统法定义构建底栖动物生物完整性指数的参照系统,提出了确定参照系统的4个基本条件,进而按非湖心区和湖心区两个生态区分别构建太湖底栖动物完整性指数(LTB-IBI).通过对候选生物参数的分布范围筛选、判别能力分析、与理化因子的相关性和参数间的冗余分析,获得了非湖心区LTB-IBI的4个构成指数:总分类单元数、Simpson多样性指数、前3位优势单元%和BMWP指数,以及湖心区LTB-IBI的5个构成指数:总分类单元数、Simpson多样性指数、甲壳+软体分类单元数、前3位优势单元%和BMWP指数.采用比值法统一构成指数量纲,分别构建了非湖心区和湖心区LTBIBI指数,评价太湖水生态健康的等级.2010-2012年,太湖生态健康总体上呈现逐步提升的趋势.影响太湖底栖动物完整性的重要环境变量是水体中的氮含量.研究表明,连续观察数据可较大程度上提高太湖LTB-IBI指数的可靠性和评价结果的合理性.     

蒙古高压一组环流指数及与中国同期气候异常关系分析

定义了一组描述冬季(12-2月)的月、季1 000 hPa等压面上蒙古高压(MH)状态的新的环流指数,它包括面积指数S、强度指数P、中心位置指数(λc,φc).用NCEP/NCAR资料计算了1948/1949-2007/2008年60个冬季的月、季MH的上述环流指数.用它们分析了近60年冬季各月MH的气候态,表明MH在12、1月最强,2月明显减弱；12月偏南,1、2月逐渐北移.分析了MH强度P和中心位置(λc,φc)的年代际变化特征及其与中国冬季气候(气温、降水)的相关,结果表明:(1)MH强度P和中心位置指数φc均存在显著年代际变化,P在1960's末-1970's初由高转低,φc在1970's末-1980's初由偏北转偏南.12、2月P～φc.间存在显著正相关.MH强年偏北、弱年偏南.(2) MH环流指数P、φc与中国同期气温存在显著负相关,P的显著负相关区覆盖了中国除西南外的大部分区域,φc的显著负相关区也覆盖了中国东部除东南沿海外大部分区域；它们与中国降水的同期相关联系远弱于气温.(3)全球增暖背景下MH强度减弱、中心南移,中国大部分地区出现持续暖冬；但1990's末以来,相反的异常时有发生.(4)“0801华南雪灾”期间(2008.1.10-2.2)MH异常偏强,并有四次中期活动过程；它们是造成此次极端气候异常事件的直接环流原因.